ÿWPC rÒÍD›ãËŒËz¥Iä Š.¶LÚ!io%ûˆ`à ´ßè‚àXOžŸ‡³d2†?`öe¦«cƒ=šœ‡24Ù¬‹e©j <6±Ñcxñƒ¨È'¯Ÿºñµ_@%Šs€€œaÙ®3y„ úh”ýâ;jÄï›[¡n§Õѱ®Q‰œq×îR‚ö2»~R¿Å­Q^„ÁðBw£Ú|ùhxß_í$±úŠR¹^,QÏŸ¢àŸ3%Ñõ?P?D@AEBC'w? Ý ƒ…!ÝÔCFUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ýò òÑ7€êŒXXdòdÈ7ÑTitleà0  àISO/IEC€WD4.1€14651€ó ó„€International€String€Ordering€„Method€for€comparing€CharacterÐ ° ÐStrings€and€Description€of€a€Default€Tailorable€Ordering,€for€Characters€Strings€Using€theÏrepertoire€(or€subrepertoires)€of€ISO/IEC€10646Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àòòà0` (#(#à[ISO/CEI€DT4.1€14651€„€Classement€international€de€chað3ðnes€de€caractres€„Ð `° ÐMthode€de€comparaison€de€chað3ðnes€de€caractres€et€description€d'un€ordreÏimplicite€adaptable€pour€les€chað3ðnes€de€caractres€utilisant€le€rpertoire€(ou€desÏsous„rpertoires)€de€l'ISO/CEI€10646]óóÐ n` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# Ðò òStatus:ó óà0 ` àWorking€Draft€4.1€for€comments€by€SC22/WG20€members€before€the€April€1996Ð ò B  ÐKyoto€meetingÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌò òDate:ó óà0  àà0` (#(#à1996„01„ñAñ25ñAññBñ31ñBñи ` (#` (# ÐÌò òProject:à0 ` àó ó22.30.02.02Дä ` (#` (# ÐÌò òEditor:ó óà0 ` àAlain€LaBontÐpÀ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àGouvernement€du€QubecÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àSecrtariat€du€Conseil€du€trsorÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àService€de€la€prospective€et€de€la€francisationÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à875,€Grande„Alle€Est,€4CÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àQubec,€QC€€G1R€5R8Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àCanadaÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà ` àGUIDE€SHARE€EuropeÌà0  àà0` (#(#àSCHINDLER€Information€AGÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àCH„6030€Ebikon€(Bern)Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àSwitzerlandÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌò òEmail:ó óà0 ` àalb@sct.gouv.qc.caÐD ”` (#` (# ÐÐ  6!† Ðò òFOREWORDÐ ° ÐÌó óISO€(International€Standards€Organisation)€and€IEC€(International€Electrotechnical€Commission)Ð ”ä Ðform€the€specialised€bodies€for€world„wide€standardisation.€National€bodies€that€are€members€ofÏISO€or€IEC€participate€in€the€development€of€International€Standards€through€technicalÏcommittees.€These€technical€committees€are€established€by€the€respective€organisation€to€deal€withÏparticular€fields€of€mutual€interest.€In€liaison€with€ISO€and€IEC,€other€international€organisations,Ïgovernmental€and€non„governmental,€also€take€part€in€the€work.ÌÌIn€the€field€of€information€technology,€ISO€and€IEC€have€established€a€joint€technical€committeeÏknown€as€ISO/IEC€JTC1.€Draft€International€Standards€adopted€by€the€joint€technical€committeeÏare€circulated€to€the€national€bodies€for€voting.€Publication€as€an€international€standard€requiresÏapproval€by€at€least€75%€of€the€national€bodies€that€cast€a€vote.ÌÌThe€ISO/IEC€14651€International€Standard€has€been€prepared€by€the€Joint€Technical€CommitteeÏISO/IEC€JTC1,€Information€Technology.Ìò òÌINTRODUCTIONÌÌó óA€default€international€ordering€mechanism€does€not€provide€a€universal€solution€for€all€situations.Ð 6† ÐThe€purpose€of€such€a€mechanism€is€to€correct€errors€of€the€past€regarding€only€collation€onÏbinary€coded€character€values.€Past€approaches€have€never€respected€cultures.€English€is€oneÏexception,€although€a€poor€one,€when€only€upper€case€alphabetic€data€was€used€instead€of€otherÏcharacters€including€punctuation€and€spacing.ÌÌThis€is€one€of€the€major€flaws€that€affect€portability€between€countries€and€between€applications.Ï(Traditionally,€different€programs€make€different€ordering€corrections.)€Therefore,€it€has€beenÏconsidered€feasible€to€design€a€Default€Tailorable€Ordering€Mechanism€(a€method€and€a€uniqueÏtable).€This€mechanism€will€constitute€an€acceptable€tool€that€will€make€sense€for€most€users€ofÏthe€different€scripts.€Also,€most€simple€applications€will€be€able€to€use€the€mechanism€withoutÏmodification.€These€applications€use€ordering€dependencies€that€are€not€dependent€on€any€context.ÌÌNaturally,€a€modification€mechanism€is€embedded€in€the€model.€The€mechanism€willÏaccommodate€particular€languages€with€a€minimum€of€changes.€Let€us€look€at€Latin€Script€as€anÏexample.€The€Spanish€and€Scandinavian€languages€will€have€the€order€of€a€€few€letters€changedÏcompared€to€the€order€acceptable€in€most€other€European€languages€that€use€the€Latin€script.ÏAlso,€a€whole€script€order€change€could€be€desired€relative€to€another€one€„for€example,€ThaiÏbefore€Latin,€and€so€on.ÌÌFurthermore,€there€might€be€specific€linguistic€requirements€that€cannot€be€fulfilled€withoutÏknowing€the€context.€For€example,€Japanese€names€expressed€in€Kanji€cannot€be€deduced€solelyÏin€phonetic€ordering.€Instead,€Japanese€names€need€hidden€multiple€fields.€Generally,€in€JapaneseÏdatabases,€a€given€Kanji€proper€name€is€associated€with€a€hidden€phonetic€representation€in€aÏdifferent€field.€This€association€allows€correct€ordering,€otherwise€a€replication€of€items€mightÐ &,v'+ Ðbe€necessary€for€human€searching€of€Kanji€proper€names€in€a€list€in€the€absence€of€other€fields.ÌMore€generally,€specific€requirements€exist€for€complex€telephone„book€type€classification€or€forÏphonetic€classification.€This€is€particularly€true€in€multi„lingual€countries€or€organisations.€As€anÏexample,€the€item€"4"€could€sometimes€be€phonetically€classified€(transformed)€in€such€lists€toÏaccomplish€ordering.€This€classification€requires€that€the€item€be€reproduced€several€times.€EachÏreplicated€item€is€hence€transformed€for€phonetic€ordering€(for€example,€as€"QUATRE",€"FOUR"Ïand€"VIER"€in€French,€English,€and€German€respectively).€In€this€way,€a€user€can€immediatelyÏretrieve€the€item€"4"€in€a€list€under€"Q",€"F"€and€"V"€depending€on€the€individual€userÏrequirements.ÌÌTo€achieve€these€requirements,€the€comparison€and€ordering€mechanism€on€which€focus€isÏdirected€here€is€included€in€a€more€general€model.€The€general€model€is€also€described€in€thisÏinternational€standard.€The€general€model€allows€multiple„field€ordering€and€prehandling€andÏposthandling€classification€phases.€The€ordering€mechanism€assumes€this€higher„level€scheme.ÌÌSpecifically,€the€prehandling€and€posthandling€phases€could€be€null€processes.€Also€in€the€simplestÏapplications,€only€one€field€will€be€ordered€typically.€In€such€cases,€a€straightforward€order€couldÏbe€achieved€and€would€be€reasonably€valid€for€the€majority€of€users€who€do€not€require€furtherÏspecialised€classification.€The€typical€lexical€dictionary€order€in€a€given€natural€language€is€anÏexample€of€this€type.€It€is€assumed€that€lexical€order€is€the€minimal€culturally€acceptable€orderÏfor€a€list€so€that€the€general€public,€and€even€specialists,€can€use€it€without€error.ÌÌTo€simplify€matters,€the€Default€Tailorable€Ordering€Mechanism€will€describe€a€method€to€orderÏtext€data€independently€of€context.€The€method€will€be€culturally€acceptable€to€a€majority€ofÏworld„wide€environments€(with€provisions€to€accommodate€more€local€contexts).ÌÌIt€is€obvious€that€ordering€is€not€limited€to€a€sorting€program.€Ordering€requires€that€stringÏcomparison€be€consistently€redefined€with€a€new€comparison€engine.€This€engine€will€be€used€byÏprocesses€which€compare,€sort,€search,€mix,€and€merge€graphic€character€data.€This€engine€willÏbe€described€in€this€international€standard.ÌÌThe€design€of€this€international€standard€keeps€in€mind€that€old€systems€could€also€integrateÏculturally€valid€ordering€with€minimal€changes.€Therefore,€the€basic€engine€will€not€work€directlyÏon€a€text€string€of€graphic€characters.€Instead,€the€first€phase€of€the€process€reduces€the€text€stringÏto€a€single€bit€string€that€is€suitable€for€direct€and€mechanical€numeric€comparisons.ÌÌNumeric€data€has€two€general€kinds€of€representation.€One€type€of€representation€is€external€andÏuses€human€readable€graphic€characters.€The€other€type€of€representation€is€internal€and€is€directlyÏsuitable€for€high„speed€processing.€For€this€reason,€programming€languages€define€data€types€forÏsuitable€processing€of€numbers€(in€general€more€than€one€type).€In€this€way,€programmers€do€notÏneed€to€parse€graphic€characters€before€€performing€numeric€processing.€This€parsing€would€beÏvery€prone€to€errors,€add€to€programming€complexity,€and€would€not€achieve€general€consistencyÏamong€different€applications.ÌÐ þ+N'+ ÐCharacter€comparisons€are€of€a€more€complex€nature.€Therefore,€having€the€programmersÏinvolved€in€parsing€is€not€more€desirable.€Nevertheless,€this€was€the€prevailing€situation€beforeÏthe€present€international€standard€was€designed.ÌÌThe€consistent€text€data€comparison€engine€described€in€this€international€standard€works€on€anÏinternal€structure€that€is€the€result€of€parsing€an€original€string€for€comparison.€Parsing€is€doneÏaccording€to€a€formal€description€of€cultural€ordering€conventions.€The€definition€of€such€anÏengine€makes€it€highly€desirable€that€future€versions€of€programming€language€standards€defineÏnew€data€types.€In€each€language,€it€is€desirable€that€at€least€one€data€type€manage€graphicÏcharacter€string€comparisons€that€are€not€limited€to€absolute€equality.€The€programming€languageÏcan€define€these€data€types€as€formal€containers.€These€containers€represent€strings€of€text€that€canÏbe€processed€internally,€in€a€way€that€is€very€straightforward€and€independent€of€coded€graphicÏcharacters.ÌÌIn€this€way,€the€programmer€is€freed€from€parsing€processes.€Also,€the€probability€of€achievingÏapplication€portability€between€different€countries€using€different€cultures€would€be€increasedÏbecause€applications€can€be€designed€in€a€generic€way.ÌÌFurthermore,€the€pre„digested€structure€materialising€such€a€data€type€can€be€stored€and€reusedÏin€a€given€cultural€environment€for€increasing€performance€and€allow€preserving€past€applicationsÏwith€minimal€changes.€Reusing€the€structure€would€require€no€further€parsing€by€external,€evenÏancient,€hard„wired€engines€that€have€the€capability€to€do€straightforward€binary€comparisonsÏ(such€as€a€hardware€disk€search€engine,€or€an€access€method€designed€decades€ago€that€developersÏdo€not€want€to€redesign€because€of€its€high€efficiency).ÌÌThis€feature€is€a€non„negligible€economic€by„product€of€this€international€standard:€once€a€stringÏhas€been€parsed€for€an€environment,€its€processing€does€not€require€re„parsing.€In€fact,€as€forÏnumbers,€the€standard€graphic€character€representation€need€not€be€used€until€data€is€presentedÏagain€to€the€user.€This€calls€for€reversibility€of€the€process.€The€present€standard€makes€thatÏreversibility€a€possibility,€in€addition€to€guaranteeing€the€full€predictability€of€the€comparisonÏoperation.€If€two€equivalent€strings€are€not€absolutely€equal,€then€the€tie€must€be€broken.ÏConsequently,€a€sort€program,€the€simplest€application,€can€always€sort€data€in€the€same€way.ÌÐ  ð!@  ÐÌò òTutorial€on€problems€solved€by€this€standardó óÐ šê ÐÌWhy€aren't€existing€standard€codes,€character€by€character€comparisons€and€commercial€sortÏprograms€appropriate€for€sorting€and€what€must€be€done€to€solve€the€problem?€For€clarity,€thisÏdiscussion€will€start€with€the€Latin€script.ÌÌi.à0  àSorting,€in€any€language€using€the€Latin€script,€including€English,€using€standard€ISO€646Ð  n Ðcoding,€does€not€follow€traditional€dictionary€sequence,€which€is€€the€minimum€theÏaverageÐ (#(# Ѐ€€€€€€€€user€needs.ÌÌà0  àEx.:€Sorting€the€list€"august",€"August",€"container",€"coop","co-op",€"Vice-president",Ï"Vice€versa"€gives€the€following€order,€if€ISO€646€coding€is€used€and€a€simple€sortÏfollowing€binary€order€is€done:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àAugustÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àVice€versaÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àVice-presidentÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àaugustÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àco-opÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àcontainerÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àcoopÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àwhich€is€obviously€wrong.Ð (#(# ÐÌii.à0  àTranslating€lower€case€to€upper€case€and€removing€special€characters€gives€a€sorted€listÐ |Ì Ðacceptable€to€users,€but€also€unpredictable€results.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àEx.:€Sorting€the€list€"August",€"august",€"coop",€"co-op"€gives€the€€following€order:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àAugustÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àaugustÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àcoopÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àco-opÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àSorting€the€same€list€with€a€different€initial€order,€€say,€"august",€"August",€"co-op",Ð (#(# Ѐ€€€€€€€€"coop"€€gives€a€different€order€with€this€method:ÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àaugustÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àAugustÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àco-opÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àcoopÐ ` (#` (# ÐÐ ,V'+ Ðiii.à0  àIf€accented€characters€are€introduced€using€for€example€ISO€8859-1€code,€the€problemsÐ ° Ðencountered€in€steps€i€and€ii€above€are€amplified€but€they€share€the€same€causes.Ð (#(# ÐÌiv.à0  àIf€tables€are€reorganized€to€make€all€related€characters€contiguous,€one€might€think€itÐ n¾ Ðwould€permit€a€simplified€single-character€sort,€€but€this€does€not€work€either.€Take€upperÏand€lower€case€unaccented€letters€as€an€example.€€If€code€point€01€is€assigned€to€ð ðað ð,€codeÏpoint€02€assigned€to€ð ðAð ð,€€code€point€03€to€ð ðbð ð,€code€point€04€to€ð ðBð ð€and€so€on,€let's€seeÏwhat€€happens€in€a€list€sorted€directly€by€these€rearranged€values:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àSortedà0¸ ` (#` (#àInternalÐê : ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àListà0¸ ` (#` (#àValuesÐÔ $ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àaaaaà0¸ ` (#` (#à01010101Шø ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àabbbà0¸ ` (#` (#à01030303Ð’â ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àAaaaà0¸ ` (#` (#à02010101Ð|Ì ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àAbbbà0¸ ` (#` (#à02030303Ðf¶ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà0  àThis€is€predictable€also,€but€obviously€wrong€in€any€country€from€a€cultural€point€of€view.Ð (#(# ÐÌÌv.à0  àThe€only€path€of€solution€is€to€decompose€the€initial€data€in€a€way€that€will€respectÐ øH Ðtraditional€lexical€order,€and€at€the€same€time€ensure€absolute€predictability.€For€the€LatinÏscript,€this€necessitates€at€least€four€levels:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à1.€The€first€decomposition€renders€information€to€be€sorted€case€insentitive€and€diacriticalÏmark€insensitive,€and€removes€all€special€characters€which€have€no€preestablished€orderÏin€any€human€culture:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àAn€example€using€English:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"rsum"€(an€English€word€derived€from€French€but€with€a€very€different€meaningÏin€French)€becomes€"resume",€without€any€accent.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àAn€example€using€French:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"Vice-lgation"€becomes€"vicelegation",€with€no€accent,€no€upper€case€and€noÏdash.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àAn€example€using€German:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"gro "€becomes€"gross",€with€the€sharp-s€being€converted€to€double-s€to€renderÏit€case€insensitive.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àIn€Spanish€or€Scandinavian€languages,€some€extra€letters€are€added€to€the€26€fixed€lettersÐ þ+N'+ Ðof€the€English,€French€and€German€alphabet,€which€are€not€ordered€according€to€theÏexpectations€of€this€group€of€languages.€This€calls€for€adaptability.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.€The€second€decomposition€breaks€ties€on€quasi-homographs,€strings€that€differ€onlyÏbecause€they€have€different€diacritical€marks.€In€the€English€example€above,€"resum"€and€Ï"rsum"€are€quasi-homographs.€Traditional€lexical€order€requires€that€"resume"€alwaysÏcome€before€"rsum"€(which€sorting€using€only€the€first€level€would€not€guarantee).€In€Ï€€this€case,€tradition€does€not€say€if€"resum"€(another€spelling)€should€come€beforeÏ"rsum",€which€would€seem€logical:€English€and€German€dictionaries€only€state€thatÏunaccented€words€precede€the€accented€words.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àHere€another€characteristic€is€introduced.€In€French,€because€of€the€large€number€ofÏmultiple€quasi-homograph€groups€formed€of€more€than€2€instances,€main€dictionariesÏfollow€a€rule€that€is€the€following:€accents€are€generally€not€taken€into€account€for€sorting,Ïbut€in€case€of€homographic€ties,€the€òòlast€differenceóó€in€the€word€determines€the€correctÐ |Ì  Ðorder€between€two€given€words,€a€priority€order€being€then€assigned€to€each€type€ofÏaccent.€For€example,€"cot"€should€be€sorted€after€"cð=ðte"€but€before€"cð=ðt".€This€is€easyÏto€implement:€a€number€is€assigned€to€each€character€of€original€data€to€be€sorted,Ïrepresenting€either€an€accent€or€no€accent€at€all,€but€these€numbers€are€stacked€instead€ofÏbeing€added€to€a€linear€list:€in€other€words,€the€resulting€string€is€made€starting€from€theÏlast€character€of€the€original€data€and€backward.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àExample:€to€obtain€the€following€order€respecting€this€rule:€"cote,€"cð=ðte",€"cot",Ï"cð=ðt",numbers€could€be€assigned€indicating€respectively€ð ð****ð ð,€ð ð**c*ð ð,€ð ða***ð ð,€ð ða*c*ð ð,€Ïwhere€"*"€means€€no€accent,€"a"€means€acute€accent,€"c"€circumflex€accent.€Here€thisÏscheme€is€sufficient€to€break€the€tie€correctly€at€this€second€level.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.€The€third€decomposition€breaks€ties€for€quasi-homographs€different€only€becauseÏupper-case€and€lower-case€characters€are€used.€This€time,€the€tradition€is€well€establishedÏin€English€and€German€dictionaries,€where€lower€case€always€precedes€upper€case€inÏhomographs,€while€the€tradition€is€not€well€established€in€French€dictionaries,€whichÏgenerally€use€only€accented€capital€letters€for€common€word€entries.€In€known€FrenchÏdictionaries€where€upper€and€lower€case€letters€are€mixed,€the€capitals€generally€comeÏfirst,€but€this€is€not€an€established€and€stated€rule,€because€there€are€numerous€exceptions.ÏSo€for€a€default€template€it€is€advisable€to€use€English€and€German€traditions,€if€one€wantsÏto€group€the€largest€possible€number€of€languages€together.€Let's€note€here€by€the€way€thatÏin€Denmark,€upper€case€comes€before€lower€case,€a€different€but€well€established€rule.ÏThis€is€a€second€fact€calling€for€adaptability€in€the€model€used€in€this€standard.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àExample:€to€have€the€following€order:€"august",€"August",€numbers€could€be€assignedÏindicating€respectively€ð ðllllllð ð,€ð ðulllllð ð,€where€"l"€means€lower€case€and€"u"€upper€case.Ð (#(# ÐÌÌà0  à4.€The€fourth€decomposition€breaks€the€final€tie€that€does€not€correspond€to€any€tradition,Ð þ+N'+ Ðthe€tie€due€to€quasi-homographs€that€differ€only€because€they€contain€special€characters.€Ï€€Breaking€this€tie€is€essential€to€ensure€the€absolute€predictibility€of€sorts€and€also€to€beÏable€to€sort€strings€composed€only€of€special€characters.€Since€the€traces€of€specialÏcharacters€were€removed€from€the€original€data€to€form€the€three€first€orders€ofÏdecomposition,€simply€putting€them€in€row€in€the€fourth€order€of€decomposition€wouldÏmean€that€their€position€would€be€lost.€These€positions€are€quite€important€to€solveÏremaining€ties€and€in€consequence€we€must€retain€here€the€original€positions€of€theseÏspecial€characters:€two€quasi-homographs€could€each€contain€a€common€special€characterÏin€different€positions€and€thus€be€strictly€different€(ex.:"ab*cd"€is€still€different€fromÏ"a*bcd"€despite€they€share€one€and€only€one€common€special€character).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àExample:€to€€have€the€following€order:€"coop",€€"co-op",€"coop-",€numbers€could€beÏassigned€respectively€according€to€the€following€pattern:€ð ðdð ð,€ð ðd3-ð ð€and€ð ðd5-ð ð,€where€"d"Ïis€an€always-present€delimiter€that€separates€this€decomposition€from€the€first€three€in€caseÏall€four€decompositions€are€to€be€concatenated€to€form€a€single€sorting€key€based€onÏnumeric€€values€(see€discussion€in€the€next€paragraph).€"3-"€means€a€dash€in€position€3€of€Ïthe€€original€string.€"5-"€means€a€dash€in€position€5,€and€so€on.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThese€four€decompositions€can€be€structured€using€a€four€level€key,€concatenating€theÏsubkeys€from€the€highest€significance€to€the€lowest.€If€coded€assignment€of€numbers€isÏdone€properly,€instead€of€necessitating€a€cumbersome€exception€process€for€dealing€withÏhomographs,€all€decompositions€may€be€made€at€once€and€resulting€strings€concatenatedÏand€passed€through€a€standard€sort€program€sorting€in€numeric€order.€To€attain€this€result,Ïit€is€sufficient€that€numbers€chosen€for€the€first€decomposition€code€set€be€greater€thanÏnumbers€chosen€for€the€second€one,€the€second€one's€greater€than€the€third€one's,€and€thatÏthe€delimiter€chosen€for€the€fourth€decomposition€be€less€than€the€lowest€possible€numberÏcoded€elsewhere€for€the€sort€(delimiter€called€logical€zero),€in€which€case€no€restrictionÏapplies€to€the€content€of€the€fourth€decomposition.€An€easier€implementation€might€justÏchoose€to€put€the€lowest€value€possible€as€a€delimiter€between€each€subkey,€in€which€caseÏno€restriction€ever€applies.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThis€method€has€been€fully€described€with€tables€for€the€first€time€in€Rgles€du€classementÏalphabtique€en€langue€fran aise€et€procdure€informatise€pour€le€tri,€Alain€LaBont,ÏMinistre€des€Communications€du€Qubec,€19€aoðEðt€1988,€ISBN€2-550-19046-7.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àReduction€techniques€have€been€designed€to€considerably€shorten€space€requirements.€AsÏno€implementation€is€required€to€use€specific€numbers€for€weights€and€does€not€requireÏreduction€nor€compression,€this€issue€is€outside€the€scope€of€this€standard€but€it€isÏinteresting€to€note€that€implementation€can€be€optimized.€This€has€been€improved€overÏtime€and€is€highly€feasible.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àA€plublic„domain€€reduction€technique€is€described€in€details€(with€ample€examples)€inÏTechnique€de€rduction€-€Tris€informatiques€€quatre€cls,€Alain€LaBont,€Ministre€desÏCommunications€du€Qubec,€June€1989€(ISBN€2-550-19965-0).Ðþ+N'+(#(# ЇÌvi.à0  àFor€a€certain€number€of€languages,€the€default€presented€in€this€standard€will€need€to€beÐ šê Ðadapted,€both€in€the€table€values€for€the€four€orders€of€keys€and€in€the€potential€contextÏanalysis€processing€necessary€to€achieve€culturally€correct€results€for€users€of€theseÏlanguages.€To€illustrate€this,€examples€of€dictionary€sequences€are€given€here€for€twoÏlanguages€which€native€order€is€not€in€the€default€table:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àTraditional€Spanish€€(note€"ch"€greater€than€"cu"€and€"a"€greater€than€"no"):Ð (#(# Ѐ€€€à0  àà0` (#(#àcuneo.€The€occurrences€of€xxxx€which€follow€the€letter€"U"€represent€theÏhexadecimal€value€of€a€coded€character€as€defined€in€ISO/IEC€10646.€This€is€a€means€to€be€code„¼independent€(the€same€value€being€possibly€used€even€if€the€coded€character€set€in€use€in€a€givenÏimplementation€is€not€ISO/IEC€10646).€At€the€same€time,€this€is€a€means€to€keep€aÏstraightforward€link€with€the€Universal€Multiple„Octet€Coded€Character€Set,€which€is€assumed€Ïto€contain€all€the€coded€graphic€characters€ever€defined€by€ISO/IEC.ÌÌWhenever€possible,€in€the€ordering€table,€glyphs€will€be€used€in€comments€alongside€withÏcharacter€ordering€definitions.€This€will€give€a€more€accurate€understanding€of€characters€inÏquestion.ÌÌThe€letter€U€stands€for€UCS,€which€itself€stands€for€Universal€multiple„octet€Coded€Character€set.ÌÌThe€collating„symbol€statements€will€include€declarations€of€symbols€used€as€intermediary€valuesÏfor:ÌÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÒ±°ÒÒ—°ÒÓ$ÿÿ±ÉæU °œX$Óà0 É àà ± àÔ€XêŒXXXÔÔ€XêŒXXXêŒÔÝ  Ý„à É àpossible€text€elements€that€are€composed€of€sequences€of€graphic€characters.€An€example€isÐ f Ðtailoring€the€default€to€Danish.€The€digraph€"aa"€is€composed€of€a€sequence€of€two€graphicÏcharacters€which,€in€Danish,€are€considered€as€a€single€letter€of€the€alphabet€and€require€a€singleÏordering€definition.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àà ± à„à É àpossible€text€elements€that€require€an€intermediate€definition€for€other€reasonsШøÉA#ÉA# ÐÌFor€easy€cross„referencing€the€various€weights,€numeric€relative€values€(informative)€will€be€shownÏin€the€table€as€comments.€A€system€of€short€mnemonics€intended€to€replace€glyphs€when€it€is€notÏpossible€to€transmit€them€will€also€be€used€in€tables€alongside€with€glyphs€representing€characters,Ïwhenever€possible.ÌÌÌÌò ò5€Requirementsó óÐ â"2! Ðò òÌÌ5.1€Prehandling€phaseó ó€(external€to€the€comparison€operation€engine)Ð ¸%!$ ÐÌà0 É à5.1.1€Prehandling€of€the€symbolic€table€dataÐ ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThe€symbolic€tables,€as€provided€in€annex€1€or€as€modified€in€a€tailoring€process,€shall€beÏpresented€in€a€numeric€form€to€the€comparison€operation€engine€described€hereafter.€The€tableÏnormally€handled€by€the€comparison€operation€engine€logically€consists€of€a€matrix€of€n€lines€byÏm€columns,€n€being€the€number€of€characters€in€the€UCS€and€m€being€the€number€of€levelsÐ &,v'+ Ðprovided€in€the€symbolic€data,€each€element€of€the€matrix€being€a€numerical€weight.€The€usageÏoptimization€of€such€tables€and€the€exact€internal€format€of€these€tables€is€beyond€the€scope€of€thisÏstandard€and€is€application„dependent.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌÌÌà0 É à5.1.2€Prehandling€of€character€strings€provided€to€the€comparison€operation€engineÐ ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àIt€may€be€necessary€to€transform€a€field€before€the€actual€ordering€process€can€begin.€This€processÏis€called€prehandling.€The€implementor€is€responsible€for€ensuring€that€prehandling€has€been€doneÏprior€to€the€ordering€process.€For€examples€of€how€applications€can€take€advantage€ofÏprehandling,€see€Annex€B.€This€is€a€global€operation€that€may€involve€exploding€records€beforeÏordering€them.€Therefore,€the€prehandling€phase,€unlike€its€posthandling€counterpart,€shall€beÏdone€on€a€whole€set€of€input€records€before€any€comparison€is€made.€Thus,€prehandling€is€not€partÏof€the€comparison€operation€engine.€The€comparison€operation€engine€will€not€contain€any€defaultÏcode€related€to€prehandling.€However€prehandling€functionality€shall€be€provided€to€the€user€byÏthe€application€developer€for€allowing€the€use€of€this€international€standard€in€higher€layers€of€theÏapplication.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThe€prehandling€phase€shall,€as€a€minimum,€transform€the€actual€coded€characters€used€on€inputÏin€their€UCS€canonical€form€for€their€processing€by€the€comparison€operation,€and€UCSÏcombining€characters€shall€not€be€used€whenever€this€is€possible€(a€fully€composed€character€shallÏbe€prefered€to€a€series€of€characters€having€the€same€presentation€form).€Any€combiningÏcharacters€will€be€processed€as€special€characters€acording€to€the€present€standard.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌÌÌò ò5.2€Comparison€operation€engineÐ ^® ÐÌ5.2.1€Multi„field€key€comparisonÌà0 É àÐ ÉA#ÉA# Ðó óà0 É àThis€operation€shall€be€done€through€three€API€which€are€described€in€what€follows.Ð&!vÉA#ÉA# ÐÌò òà0 É àNoteó ó:€In€the€following€descriptions,€numbers€(integers)€are€used.€These€numbers€are€notÐ ú"J! Ðmandatory€values€to€be€used€in€actual€implementations.€The€developer€may€choose€the€values€thatÏfit€the€application€best.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThe€API€names€proposed€in€this€standard€shall€be€used€for€binding€these€APIs€with€actualÏimplementations.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌÐ  h)¸$( Ðò òñ<ñà É àñ<ñ5.2.1.1€API€1€„€Comparison€done€directly€on€character€strings€(COMPCAR)ó óÐ ° ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€shall€operate€as€follows:Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à0.€ò òName€of€this€API€for€binding€purposesó ó:€COMPCARÐ`°ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à1.€ò òParametersó óÐ< ŒÉA#ÉA# Ðà0 É àÐ ÉA#ÉA# Ðà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àSet€of€ò òparameters€aó ó€(input€parameters):Ð hæA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àstring€1:€referenced€coded€character€stringÐ æA#æA# Ðà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àstring€2:€reference€coded€character€stringÐ æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òParameter€bó ó€(input€parameter):в æA#æA# ЀÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àlevel€of€precision:€Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àa€value€between€0€and€n;€this€value€determines€after€which€level€the€binary€comparison€shouldÏstop€if€equivalence€(approximate€equality)€is€going€to€be€detected,€in€case€the€two€parametersÏof€set€a€are€not€absolutely€equal.€In€all€cases€of€inequality,€the€operation€is€performed€on€allÏavailable€levels€to€determine€if€the€referenced€character€string€1€comes€before€or€after€theÏreference€character€string€2.€Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àIf€the€specified€level€of€precision€is€zero€or€greater€than€the€last€available€level,€each€of€theÏmissing€levels€is€implicitly€considered€to€bear€the€smallest€value€possible€for€the€latter€levelsÏfor€comparison€purposes.€The€meaning€of€values€less€than€zero€for€this€parameter€is€reservedÏin€this€standard€for€future€use.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌòòà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àAs€an€example,€consider€the€words€"alpha"€and€"ALPHA".€These€words€are€equivalent€at€levelÐ pÀ Ð1€(alphabetic)€and€level€2€(diacritical€marks).€However,€the€words€are€different€at€level€3,Ïwhere€case€is€taken€into€account.€If€comparisons€are€requested€up€to€level€2,€then€approximateÏequality€will€result.€If€level€3€or€greater€is€required,€then€the€two€character€strings€will€beÏconsidered€different,€and€unequivalent.Ð æA#æA# Ðóóà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òParameter€có ó€(output€parameter):Ð#R!æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àA€number€is€returned€whose€sign€determines€an€order€even€in€case€of€equality.€It€is€to€be€notedÏthat€the€values€mentioned€here€are€to€be€considered€as€logical€values.€Implementations€are€freeÏto€use€other€values.€However€functionality€shall€be€the€same€as€described€here.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€sign€has€the€following€meaning:Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àà0U æA#æA#ànegative€sign:€referenced€character€string€comes€before€reference.Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àà0U æA#æA#àpositive€sign:€referenced€character€string€comes€after€reference.Ð.,~'+U A#U A# ЇÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òà0U æA#æA#àNoteó ó:€òòIn€the€case€of€absolute€equality,€a€negative€sign€is€returned€by€convention.Ð šê ÐIn€the€case€of€equivalence,€both€a€negative€or€a€positive€sign€are€possible,Ïbecause€character€strings€are€also€unequal€in€addition€to€being€equivalent.Ð U A#U A# ÐóóÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€absolute€value€of€the€number€determines€the€possible€following€cases:à0@®€as€a€coàÐ æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àcase€1:à0U æA#æA#àabsolute€equality€(even€if€case€equivalence€has€been€detected;€this€goes€beyondÐ  n Ðequivalence)Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àcase€2:à0U æA#æA#àequivalence€(at€precision€level€required€by€parameter€c)ÐÜ , U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àcase€3:à0U æA#æA#àvalues€compared€significantly€unequal€or€unequivalentа U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òSet€of€parameters€dó ó€(output€parameters):Ð„Ô æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àTwo€bit€strings€are€returned.€Each€of€these€bit€strings€shall€be€coded€in€such€a€way€that€in€theÏhardware€and€software€environment€where€it€is€used,€each€of€the€bit€strings€can€be€comparedÏin€a€straightforward€binary€fashion€without€further€analysis€and€the€order€of€the€comparisonÏbe€equivalent€to€the€order€obtained€by€the€sign€result€of€parameter€c.€The€structure€of€the€bitsÏstrings€chosen€by€the€implementation€shall€also€allow€an€external€process€to€delimit€theÏdifferent€levels,€and€eventually€to€revert€the€operation,€so€that€original€character€strings€canÏbe€recomposed€from€the€table.€It€is€the€responsibility€of€the€implementer€to€choose€theÏappropriate€method€to€meet€this€requirement.€It€is€to€be€noted€that€such€a€reversibilty€processÏwill€require€careful€preservation€of€script€properties€as€returned€in€parameter€e.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€bit€strings€are:Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àbit€string€1:à0U æA#æA#àprocessable€binary€string€corresponding€to€the€character€string€1€of€the€set€ofÐ X¨ Ðparameters€a.Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àbit€string€2:à0U æA#æA#àprocessable€binary€string€corresponding€to€the€character€string€2€of€the€set€ofÐ !f Ðparameters€a.Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òParameters€e€(output€parameter):ó óÐÔ#$"æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àTwo€vectors€of€script€id€tokens€are€returned:€this€vector€indicates€the€numeric€identifier€of€theÏscript€of€each€character€in€an€input€character€string;€each€token€is€applicable€in€the€forwardÏdirection€of€an€input€character€string€to€each€character€of€this€character€string.€These€vectorsÏserve€only€in€cases€where€a€higher€layer€of€application€wants€to€reconstitute€original€characterÏstrings€from€processable€bit€strings.€This€requires€reverse€engineering€of€the€bit€strings€inÏrelation€with€the€reverse€engineering€of€the€table.€This€process€requires€script€propertiesÏattached€to€each€script€identifier€for€each€character.Ð æA#æA# ÐÐ ,f'+ Їà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€two€vectors€are:Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àvector€1:à0U æA#æA#àvector€of€identifier€of€the€script€for€each€character€of€character€string€1€ofÐ „Ô Ðparameter€aÐ U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àvector€2:à0U æA#æA#àvector€of€identifier€of€the€script€for€each€character€of€character€string€2€ofÐ B ’ Ðparameter€aÐ U A#U A# ÐÌÌòòà0 É àProcess€of€API€1€(COMPCAR)óóÐê : ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€shall€be€processed€to€give€results€equivalent€to€the€following:Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à1.à0æÉA#ÉA#àConvert€character€string€1€and€character€string€2€through€API€3€(ò òCARABINó ó)€into€bit€stringÐ ’â  Ð1€and€bit€string€2.€Return€the€result€of€the€conversion€the€set€of€parameters€d.€The€API€3Ï(ò òCARABINó ó)€will€also€return€for€each€chaacter€string€a€vector€of€script€identifiers€for€eachÐ n¾  Ðcharacter€of€the€input€character€strings.€These€will€re€returned€as€vector€1€and€vector€2€of€theÏset€of€parameters€e.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à2.à0æÉA#ÉA#àOperate€API€2€(ò òCOMPBINó ó)€to€get€comparison€result€in€parameter€c.ÐnæA#æA# ÐÌÌÐ  ä4 Ðò òñ=ñà É àñ=ñ5.2.1.2€API€2€„€Comparison€done€on€predigested€processable€bit€strings€(COMPBIN)ó óÐ ° ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€shall€operate€as€follows:Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à0.€ò òName€of€this€API€for€binding€purposesó ó:€COMPBINÐ`°ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à1.€ò òParametersó óÐ< ŒÉA#ÉA# Ðà0 É àÐ ÉA#ÉA# Ðà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òSet€of€parameters€aó ó€(input€parameters):Ð hæA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àbit€string€1:€referenced€predigested€bit€stringÐ æA#æA# Ðà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àbit€string€2:€reference€predigested€bit€stringÐ æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òParameter€bó ó€(input€parameter):в æA#æA# ЀÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àlevel€of€precision:€Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àa€value€between€1€and€n;€this€value€determines€after€which€level€the€binary€comparison€shouldÏstop€if€equivalence€(approximate€equality)€is€going€to€be€detected,€in€case€the€two€parametersÏb€are€not€absolutely€equal.€In€all€cases€of€inequality,€the€operation€is€performed€on€allÏavailable€levels€to€determine€if€the€referenced€parameter€b1€comes€before€or€after€the€referenceÏparameter€b2.€If€the€specified€level€of€precision€is€greater€than€the€last€available€level,€eachÏof€the€missing€levels€is€implicitly€considered€to€bear€the€smallest€value€possible€for€the€latterÏlevels€for€comparison€purposes.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌòòà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àSee€discussion€in€description€of€parameter€b€of€API€1.вæA#æA# ÐóóÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òParameter€có ó€(output€parameter):ІÖæA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àA€number€is€returned€whose€sign€determines€an€order€even€in€case€of€equality.€It€is€to€be€notedÏthat€the€values€mentioned€here€are€to€be€considered€as€logical€values.€Implementations€are€freeÏto€use€other€values,€provided.€However€Functionality€shall€be€the€same€as€described€here.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€sign€has€the€following€meaning:Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àà0U æA#æA#ànegative€sign:€referenced€string€1€comes€before€reference€b2Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àà0U æA#æA#àpositive€sign:€referenced€string€1€comes€after€reference€b2Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àò òà0U æA#æA#àNoteó ó:€òòIn€the€case€of€absolute€equality,€a€negative€sign€is€returned€by€convention.Ð †(Ö#' ÐIn€the€case€of€equivalence,€both€a€negative€or€a€positive€sign€are€possible,Ïbecause€strings€are€also€unequal€in€addition€to€being€equivalent.Ð U A#U A# ÐóóÌÐ 6,†'+ Їà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€absolute€value€of€the€number€determines€the€possible€following€cases:à0@®y€to€traàÐ æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àcase€1:à0U æA#æA#àabsolute€equality€(even€if€case€equivalence€has€been€detected;€this€goes€beyondÐ „Ô Ðequivalence)Ð U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àcase€2:à0U æA#æA#àequivalence€(at€precision€level€required€by€parameter€c)ÐB ’U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àcase€3:à0U æA#æA#àvalues€compared€significantly€unequal€or€unequivalentÐ fU A#U A# ÐÌÌòòà0 É àProcess€of€API€2€(COMPBIN)óóÐÔ $ ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€shall€be€processed€to€give€results€equivalent€to€the€following:Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à1.à0æÉA#ÉA#àCompare€bit€string€1€to€bit€string€2€numerically.Ð|Ì æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à2.à0æÉA#ÉA#àIn€case€of€absolute€equality,€return€case€1€with€a€negative€value.ÐP æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à3.à0æÉA#ÉA#àIn€case€of€inequality€retain€which€string€comes€before€the€other€one.Ð$tæA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à4.à0æÉA#ÉA#àRemake€comparisons€in€ignoring€the€levels€that€are€not€significant€according€to€parameter€b.€ÐøHæA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à5.à0æÉA#ÉA#àIn€case€of€equality,€return€case€2€after€adjustment€of€the€sign€in€function€of€the€order€retainedÐ Ì Ðin€step€3.€This€indicates€an€equivalence€acccording€to€programmed€specifications.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à6.à0æÉA#ÉA#àIn€case€of€unequality,€return€case€3€after€adjustment€of€the€sign€in€function€of€the€orderÐ ŠÚ Ðretained€in€step€3.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àNote:€there€are€more€efficient€ways€to€accomplish€what€precedes.€The€steps€indicated€here€areÏlogical€steps€to€help€clarify€functionality.€No€specific€process€is€mandated€by€this€standard.€WhatÏshall€be€respected€is€that€results€shall€be€the€same€as€what€is€indicated€above.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àòòBinding€considerationsóóÐð!@ ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€can€be€used€to€perform€a€function€suited€to€the€exact€specifications€of€the€C€languageÏfunctions€ò òstrcmp()ó ó€or€ò òstrncmp()ó ó€which€are€less€general€in€scope.€In€the€same€way,€it€can€be€usedÐ ®$þ# Ðdirectly€or€interfaced€to€perform€similar€functions€for€the€specific€requirements€of€otherÏprogramming€languages.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÐ  t'Ä"& Ðò òñ>ñà É àñ>ñ5.2.1.ñ?ñ1ñ?ññ@ñ3ñ@ñ€API€3€„€Conversion€of€a€character€string€to€a€comparable€bit€string€(CARABIN)ó óÐ ° ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€shall€operate€as€follows:ñ9ññ8ñ„„„„ñ8ññ9ññ;ññ:ñ„ñ:ññ;ñÐ ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à0.€ò òName€of€this€API€for€binding€purposesó ó:€CARABINÐ`°ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à1.€ò òParametersó óÐ< ŒÉA#ÉA# Ðà0 É àÐ ÉA#ÉA# Ðà0 É àò òParameter€aó ó€(input€parameter):Ð hÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àa€coded€character€stringÐ æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àò òParameter€bó ó€(output€parameter):ÐÈ ÉA#ÉA# ЀÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àa€structured€binary€stringÐ æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThis€bit€string€shall€be€coded€in€a€way€that€is€equivalent€to€formation€of€the€multilevel€binaryÏkeys€described€in€5.3.€Such€a€bit€string€is€the€result€of€the€digestion€of€the€input€characterÏstring€through€the€transformation€table€described€in€normative€annex€1,€with€the€provision€thatÏthis€table€can€have€been€tailored€according€to€5.5.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€structure€of€the€bit€strings€chosen€by€the€implementation€shall€also€allow€an€externalÏprocess€to€delimit€the€different€levels,€and€eventually€to€revert€the€operation,€so€that€originalÏstrings€can€be€recomposed€from€LOCALEs.€It€is€the€responsibility€of€the€implementer€toÏchoose€the€appropriate€method€to€meet€this€requirement.€It€is€to€be€noted€that€such€aÏreversibilty€process€will€require€careful€preservation€of€script€properties€as€returned€inÏparameter€c.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àò òParameter€c€(output€parameter):ó óÐpÀÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àA€vector€of€script€id€tokens€are€returned:€this€vector€indicates€the€numeric€identifier€of€theÏscript€of€each€character€in€the€input€string;€each€token€is€applicable€in€the€forward€directionÏof€the€input€string€to€each€character€of€this€string.€These€vectors€serve€only€in€cases€where€aÏhigher€layer€of€application€wants€to€reconstitute€the€original€string€from€the€processable€bitÏstring€returned.€This€requires€reverse€engineering€of€the€bit€string€in€relationship€with€theÏreverse€engineering€of€the€ordering€table.€This€process€requires€information€about€the€scriptÏproperties€attached€to€each€script€identifier€for€each€character.€This€vector€allows€to€eventuallyÏbe€able€to€retrieve€that€information.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àThe€vector€returned€can€be€described€shortly€as€follows:Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àvector€1:à0U æA#æA#àvector€of€identifier€of€the€script€for€each€character€of€the€string€of€parameter€aÐZ*ª%)U A#U A# ÐÌà0 É àà0æÉA#ÉA#àIt€is€the€responsibility€of€the€implementer€to€code€that€vector€in€a€way€appropriate€for€theÐ .,~'+ Ðapplication.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌòòà0 É àProcess€of€API€3óóЄÔÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€shall€be€processed€to€give€results€equivalent€to€the€following:Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É à1.à0æÉA#ÉA#àDigest€input€character€string€into€a€binary€character€string€respecting€the€requirements€ofÐ , | Ðclause€5.3Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à2.à0æÉA#ÉA#àReturn€the€binary€string€obtained€as€parameter€b.Ðê : æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É à3.à0æÉA#ÉA#àFor€each€character€of€the€input€character€string€obtain€the€corresponding€script€identifier€fromÐ ¾  Ðthe€table,€as€described€in€clause€5.3€(in€particular€5.3.2.1).Return€a€vector€of€identifiers,Ïwhich€are€built€always€in€the€logical€forward€direction€relative€to€the€input€character€string.Ð æA#æA# ÐÌà0 É àòòBinding€considerationsóóÐf¶ ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThis€API€can€be€used€to€perform€a€function€suited€to€the€exact€specs€of€the€C€language€functionÐ :Š Ðò òstrxfrm()ó ó.€In€the€same€way,€it€can€be€used€directly€or€interfaced€to€perform€the€same€function€forÐ $t Ðthe€specific€requirements€of€other€programming€languages.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÐ  P Ðò ò5.3€Multilevel€key€buildingÐ ° ÐÌ5.3.1€Preliminary€considerationsó óÐ ”ä ÐÌò ò5.3.1.0€Assumptionsó óÐ pÀ ÐÌà0 É àThe€user€is€responsible€for€tailoring€the€ordering€table€to€the€application's€requirements.€If€thereÏis€no€tailoring€done,€then€the€default€table€shall€be€used.€The€default€table€is€acceptable€for€oneÏor€more€natural€languages€of€many€of€the€writing€systems€dealt€with€by€the€ISO/IEC€10646Ïrepertoire.€Adaptations€may€be€necessary€for€specific€languages€using€one€or€many€of€theseÏscripts.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àSee€section€5.8€for€the€tailoring€mechanism€whose€results€are€used€by€the€comparison€operationÏengine.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThe€character€transformation€table€can€be€considered€as€a€matrix€of€n€lines.€N€is€the€number€ofÏcharacters€in€the€repertoire.€In€each€line€4€levels€are€described€by€default.€This€default€can€beÏextended€in€the€tailoring€phase€by€the€end„user.€Any€conforming€implementation€shall€haveÏprovisions€for€handling€a€depth€level€of€at€least€7€levels.€The€user€shall€take€care€that€in€case€ofÏtailoring,€levels€be€adjusted€so€that€script€,€whose€ordering€is€done€at€the€last€levelÏin€the€default,€be€normally€processed€separately.€This€will€avoid€collisions€with€eventual€extraÏlevels€added€by€tailoring.€It€is€highly€recommended€that€only€four€levels€be€used€in€tailoring,€theÏfourth€one€being€the€level€reserved€to€special€characters.€This€is€the€only€way€this€standard€canÏguarantee€that€nothing€will€be€broken;€otherwise€thorough€and€skillfull€thinking€by€theÏimplementer€will€be€required,€the€minimum€being€that€special€characters€have€to€be€processed€atÏthe€last€level.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐñBñò òó óñBñÌò ò5.3.1.1€Table€sections€and€processing€propertiesó óÐ ~Î ÐÌà0 É àThe€table€is€separated€into€sections,€one€section€for€each€script.€Each€section€is€assigned€aÏsequential€number€corresponding€to€its€order€of€apparition.€The€header€of€each€section€is€namedÏfor€clarity.€The€header€describes€transformation€properties€for€each€level€of€the€script.€TheseÏproperties€are€tailored€for€the€peculiarities€of€the€script€relative€to€the€ordering€process.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àOne€of€the€tailoring€possibilities€is€to€change€the€relative€order€of€a€whole€script€relative€to€otherÏscripts.€Separation€of€the€table€into€named€sections€will€simplify€that€requirement,€as€well€asÏserving€to€describe€script€properties.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àThe€scanning€direction€(forward€or€backward)€used€to€process€the€string€at€each€level€is€a€propertyÏof€each€script.€These€properties€can€be€changed€according€to€the€language.€Clause€5.5€describesÏtailoring.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àOne€of€the€properties€is€also€the€possibility€to€assign€a€comparison€on€the€numerical€valueÏrepresenting€the€position€of€each€character€of€two€strings,€before€comparing€weights€assigned€toÐ &,v'+ Ðthe€characters.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌÌò òà0 É àNoteó ó:€òòThe€scanning€direction€(forward€or€backward)€is€not€normally€related€to€the€natural€writingÐ n¾ Ðdirection€of€a€script.€The€scanning€direction€applies€only€to€the€order€processing€in€relation€withÏthe€logical€sequence€of€the€coded€character€string.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àAccording€to€ISO/IEC€10646,€for€scripts€written€right€to€left,€such€as€Arabic,€the€lowest€positionsÏin€the€logical€sequence€of€characters€correspond€to€the€rightmost€characters€of€a€string€(from€theÏpoint€of€view€of€their€natural€sequence).€Conversely,€for€the€Latin€script,€written€left€to€right,€theÏlowest€positions€in€the€logical€sequence€of€characters€correspond€to€the€leftmost€characters€of€theÏstring€(from€the€point€of€view€of€their€natural€presentation€sequence).Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àTherefore,€scanning€forward€starts€with€the€lowest€positions€in€the€logical€sequence,€whileÏscanning€backward€starts€from€the€highest€positions.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àNow,€in€order€to€precise€what€was€just€said,€in€ISO/IEC€10646,€Arabic€is€artificially€separatedÏin€two€scripts:€the€logical,€intrinsic€Arabic,€coded€independently€of€shapes,€and€the€presentationÏforms.€Both€allow€to€code€Arabic€completely,€but€intrinsic€Arabic€is€normally€prefered€for€betterÏprocessing,€while€the€second€is€prefered€by€some€presentation„oriented€applications.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐÌà0 É àIntrinsic€Arabic€is€coded€in€the€logical€order,€while€presentation€forms€are€coded€in€presentationÏorder.€The€first€of€these€two€scripts€is€described€in€the€default€under€the€header€,Ïstanding€for€the€normal€coding,€called€intrinsic€Arabic.€The€second€one€is€described€under€theÏheader€,€standing€for€Arabic€forms.€Scanning€properties€of€these€two€artificialÏsections€differ,€the€firts€one€being€csanned€forward,€the€second€one€being€scanned€backward,€forÏthe€first€three€default€levels.Ð ÉA#ÉA# ÐóóÌò ò5.3.2€Key€compositionó óÐ P  Ðò òÌó óÒɱÒÓ?%ÿÿ É!y Ñ )Ù1‰á9ÿÿ±Éæo?Óà0 ! àA€series€of€ò òmó ó€subkeys€is€formed€out€of€a€character€string€composing€a€comparison€fieldÐ 4 „ Ð;€ò òmó ó€is€the€maximum€number€of€levels€described€in€either€the€default€ordering€table€or€theÐ &!v Ðtailored€ordering€table.€The€following€paragraphs€describe€these€formations.€In€the€defaultÏtable,€ò òmó ó€is€equal€to€4.Ð#R!!A#!A# ÐÌò ò5.3.2.1€Formation€of€properties€vectoró óÐ Þ$. # ÐÌà0 ! àFor€each€character€string,€a€corresponding€vector€is€built€(another€bit€string)€which€is€notÏused€in€the€comparison€process€and€which€describes€to€which€script€each€character€of€theÏinput€character€string€belongs.€This€data€will€be€used€subsequently€to€determine€how€eachÏtoken€of€each€subkey€is€formed.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àDuring€forward€scanning€of€each€character€of€the€input€character€string,€a€token€isÏconcatenated€to€the€script€identifier€vector,€which€is€initially€empty.€The€token€correspondsÐ 6,†'+ Ðto€the€value€assigned€to€the€script€to€which€the€character€definition€of€the€character€inÏprocess€belongs.€The€value€of€the€script€is€the€logical€number€assigned€implicitly€to€theÏscript€name€header€of€the€table€section€in€which€is€located€the€character€definition.€If,€dueÏto€tailoring,€the€character€definition€is€moved€before€or€after€another€character€definition,Ïit€becomes€part€of€the€script€whose€name€header€comes€before€the€new€characterÏdefinition.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌò ò5.3.2.2€Formation€of€subkey€level€1€through€m€minus€1€(level€i;€m=4€in€the€default)ó óÐ  f ÐÌà0 ! àFor€i€varying€from€1€to€m€minus€1€(from€1€to€3€if€the€default€is€used),€form€subkey€levelÏi€in€the€following€way:Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àDuring€forward€scanning€of€each€character€of€the€input€character€string,€a€token€isÏobtained.€The€token€corresponds€to€the€transformation€value€of€that€character€at€level€i.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌò òà0 ! àNoteó ó:€In€the€default€definition,€characters€of€script€€are€ignored€from€levelÐ n¾  Ð1€through€3.€The€definition€of€these€characters€can€be€been€tailored€to€make€them€any€ofÏthese€characters€a€part€of€another€script.€The€script€€is€the€first€script€to€beÏdefined€in€the€default€table.€It€contains€special€characters€that€are€not,€stricto€sensu,€aÏspecific€part€of€any€natural€language€script€„€for€example,€"dingbats"€of€ISO/IEC€10646,Ïor€punctuation€for€most€scripts.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àThe€scanning€properties€for€the€level€i€being€processed€requires€to€be€carefully€monitored.ÏWhen€there€is€a€change€in€scanning€direction€at€level€i€òòandóó€the€new€direction€is€backward,Ð Æ Ðstacking€of€the€token€will€be€done€at€the€position€where€the€change€of€direction€hasÏoccurred.€Therefore€when€such€a€condition€occurs,€the€application€shall€retain€the€currentÏposition€òòin€the€output€subkey€ióó€as€ò òposition€pó ó€(òòpushóó€position).ЄÔ!A#!A# ÐÌÓ9%ÿÿ É!y Ñ )Ù1‰á9ÿÿÉŠX9Óà0 ! àAccording€to€scanning€direction€assigned€to€the€level€i€of€the€script€whose€identificationÏcorresponds€to€the€character€being€processed,€the€obtained€token€is€either€addedÏ(concatenated)€at€the€end€of€subkey€i€(which€behaves€like€a€list),€or€pushed€at€ò òposition€pó óÐ 4 „ Ðof€subkey€i€(which€then€behaves€like€a€stack).€Subkey€i€is€initially€empty.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àThis€is€the€equivalent€of€backward€or€forward€scanning€of€the€input€string€for€that€level.ÏThis€property€of€scanning€direction€is€given€for€each€level€of€each€script€and€is€a€scriptÏproperty.€Each€script€header€gives,€for€each€level,€the€scanning€direction€property€of€theÏscript.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌNormally,€in€alphabetic€scripts€(and€in€the€default),€levels€represent€the€following€decompositionÏfor€each€character:ÌÌlevel€1:à0 y àbase€level€of€each€script.€This€level€corresponds€to€the€basic€letters€of€the€alphabetÐ J*š%) Ðfor€that€script,€if€the€script€is€alphabetic,€and€to€each€character€of€the€script€if€theÏscript€is€ideographic€or€syllabic;Ð,n'+y A#y A# Їlevel€2:à0 y àthe€level€corresponding€to€diacritical€marks€affecting€each€basic€character€of€theÐ ° Ðscript.€For€some€scripts,€diacritics€are€always€considered€an€integral€part€of€theÏbasic€letters€of€the€alphabet,€and€are€not€considered€at€this€second€level,€but€ratherÏat€the€first.€For€example,€N€TILDE€in€Spanish€is€considered€a€basic€letter€of€theÏLatin€script.€Therefore,€tailoring€for€Spanish€will€change€the€definition€of€NÏTILDE€from€"the€weight€of€an€N€in€the€first€level€and€a€tilde€weight€in€the€secondÏlevel"€to€"the€weight€of€an€N€TILDE€(placed€after€N€and€before€O)€in€the€firstÏlevel,€and€indication€of€the€absence€of€extra€diacritics€in€the€second€level"Ð y A#y A# ÐÌlevel€3:à0 y àthe€level€corresponding€to€case€or€to€variant€character€shape€that€affects€each€basicÐ ê :  Ðcharacter€of€the€scriptÐ y A#y A# ЀÌÌò ò5.3.2.3€Formation€of€subkey€level€m€(m=4€in€the€default€table)ó óÐ ’â  ÐÌà0 ! àDuring€forward€scanning€of€each€character€of€the€input€character€string,€a€pair€of€tokensÏis€concatenated€to€subkey€level€ò òmó ó.€The€first€token€of€the€pair€corresponds€to€the€logicalÐ X¨ Ðposition€in€the€original€character€string€of€the€character€being€processsed.€The€secondÏtoken€in€the€pair€corresponds€to€the€value€assigned€that€character€at€level€ò òmó ó€of€the€table.Ð 4„ ÐWhen€the€character€is€not€assigned€at€level€m€in€the€table,€it€is€ignored€for€the€formationÏof€subkey€level€m€and€no€pair€is€concatenated.€The€pair€of€tokens€is€concatenatedÏimmediately€after€subkey€level€ò òmó ó.€Subkey€level€ò òmó ó€is€initially€empty.ÐúJ!A#!A# ЀÌà0 ! àThis€level€represents€the€level€common€to€all€scripts.€In€this€standard,€this€level€isÏconsidered€as€the€first€script€(under€the€header€).€The€property€of€this€levelÏis€positional€in€an€absolute€way.€This€means€that€the€numerical€value€of€the€position€in€theÏoriginal€string€has€precedence€over€the€weight€assigned€to€the€special€character€whichÏoccupies€this€position.€This€means€that€subkey€level€ò òmó ó€is€composed€of€a€pair€of€values€forÐ ~Î Ðeach€such€character€(the€character€string€being€ò òalwaysó ó€scanned€forward€in€the€logicalÐ pÀ Ðstring€sequence).€The€first€value€of€the€pair€corresponds€to€the€sequential€position€of€theÏcharacter€in€the€input€string.€The€second€value€of€the€pair€corresponds€to€the€weightÏassigned€to€the€character€according€to€level€ò òmó ó€in€script€.Ð6!†!A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àIn€the€table,€this€behaviour€is€described€using€the€couple€of€parameters€"forward,Ïposition".€To€be€conformant€to€this€international€standard,€the€parameter€"backward,Ïposition"€shall€always€be€specified€for€level€ò òmó ó.€These€two€parameters€shall€be€consideredÐ æ$6 # Ðmutually€exclusive.Ð !A#!A# ÐÌÌà0 ! àIn€the€default€table,€the€first€script€(whose€header€is€named€)€exclusivelyÏincludes€characters€that€are€not€considered€part€of€the€set€of€basic€characters€of€any€script€„Ïfor€example,€special€characters€such€as€SPACE,€HYPHEN,€and€"dingbats"€of€ISO/IECÏ10646.ÐT+¤&*!A#!A# Їà0 ! àIn€the€default€table,€definitions€of€these€characters€for€levels€1€to€3€are€such€that€they€areÏignored€at€these€levels€and€values€are€exclusively€assigned€to€level€ò òmó ó€(m€being€equal€toÐ šê Ð4€in€the€default).Ð !A#!A# Ðà0 ! àÐ !A#!A# Ðòòò ò5.3.2.4€Formation€of€subkey€level€5ó óÐ `° ÐÌà0 ! àThis€extra€clause€has€been€removed€from€the€previous€draft.€It€was€intended€for€processingÏcombining€characters€dynamically.€There€are€more€static€solutions€possible€which€willÏrequire€tailoring€if€ever€SC22€wants€to€go€beyond€level€1€conformance€of€ISO/IEC€10646.Ð !A#!A# ÐóóÌò ò5.3.2.5€Posthandlingó óÐ ä 4  ÐÌThe€posthanding€phase€is€part€of€the€formation€of€a€binary€comparison€key.€Once€the€binary€keyÏhas€been€formed€out€of€the€data€specified€in€the€table,€the€posthandling€phase€shall€be€invoked€(seeÏdiscussion€about€the€potential€purposes€of€such€a€phase€in€annex€B).€The€result€of€the€posthandlingÏphase€shall€be€returned€as€subkey€level€m„1.ÌÌÌò ò5.4€Table€formationó óÐ <Œ ÐÌTable€1€through€4€are€formed€out€of€the€LC_COLLATE€specification€data€described€in€theÏfollowing€paragraphs.€Each€of€the€text€element€definition€of€the€default€contains€4€explicit€values.ÏEach€value€corresponds€to€an€internally„used€token.ÌÌò ò5.5€Default€tableó óÐ À ÐòòÌóóà0 ! àNormative€Annex€1€gives€the€international€default€ordering€table€used€as€a€template€forÐ œì Ðtailoring€localized€applications€working€on€the€full€repertoire€of€ISO/IEC€10646€(theÏUniversal€multi„octed€coded€character€set).Ð !A#!A# ÐÌÌò ò6.€Conformanceó óÐ .!~ ÐÌà0 ! àAn€application€conforming€to€this€international€standard€shall€respect€all€the€requirementsÏof€clause€5€of€this€document.€Ð !A#!A# ÐÐ  Þ$. # ÐñBñòòóóñBñò ò7.€Provisional€text€on€data€specification€(incomplete€-€to€be€removed)ó óÐ ° ÐòòÌReminder:à0 y àExcerpt€from€the€scope€clause€(to€explain€that€7.1,€7.2€and€Annex€H€will€beÐ ŒÜ Ðremoved)Ð y A#y A# ÐÌà0 ! àNote€:€[7.1,€7.2€and€Annex€H]€will€be€removed:€[...]€€it€is€no€longer€the€intention€ofÏSC22/WG20€to€have€data€specification€remain€in€the€present€standard;€as€soon€as€CDÏ14652€will€be€harmonized€with€the€syntax€used€in€this€standard,€this€will€go€away€and€beÏreplaced€by€a€normative€reference.€So€it€is€possible€that€some€raw€elements€of€dataÏspecifications€be€left,€incomplete,€at€this€stage,€in€the€present€working€draft,€which€define:Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! à€€€„à0y !A#!A#àa€data€specification€for€describing€ordering€tablesÐÆ y A#y A# ÐÌà0 ! à€€€„à0y !A#!A#àa€tailoring€specification€to€complete€the€data€specification;€This€tailoring€provisionÐ šê  Ðwill€allow€modification€of€the€default€order€data€for€a€specific€set€of€languages€inÏeach€script€in€a€reasonably€compact€way,€without€the€burden€of€having€to€modifyÏother€scripts'€definitions.€In€this€way,€the€default€order€can€be€used€as€a€templateÏto€define€culture„specific€orders€that€are€similar€to€one€another€as€much€asÏpossible.Ð y A#y A# ÐóóÌò ò7.1€Data€specificationó óÐ P ÐÌThe€following€is€a€recapitulation€of€the€POSIX€syntax€and€its€enhancements.€Lines€preceded€byÏ*€correspond€exactly€to€present€POSIX€syntax;€others€are€enhancements€necessary€for€a€moreÏflexible,€complete€and€tailorable€default.ÌÌ*à0 ! àLC_COLLATE€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð„Ô!A#!A# ÐÌ*à0 ! àcollating„symbol€€[from€]ÐX¨!A#!A# ÐÌ*à0 ! àorder_start€[forward|backward|position][;[...]]Ð, |!A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àò òto€be€replaced€at€the€beginning€of€each€script€by:ó óÐ"P !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! à€order€[forward|backward|forward,position][;[...]]Ð !A#!A# ÐÌ*à0 ! àà0)!A#!A#à[[collating„symbol€|€€|€IGNORE]€€€[;[...]]а%!$)A#)A# Ѐ€€€€€Ìà0 ! àò òThis€statement€is€a€character€definitionó óЄ'Ô"&!A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àredefine€€[[before|after]€]Ð !A#!A# ÐÌ€à0 ! àò òThis€latter€statement€shall€precede€a€new€character€definitionó óÐ4+„&*!A#!A# ÐÐ &,v'+ Ð*à0 ! àorder_endа!A#!A# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì*à0 ! àEND€LC_COLLATEЄÔ!A#!A# ÐÌÌà0 ! àrangeà0y !A#!A#à[€[[collating„symbol]€|€*€|Ð B ’ Ð|IGNORE][;[...]]]Ð y A#y A# ÐÌà0 ! àò òThis€statement€defines€a€whole€range€of€charactersó óÐ P!A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àmove€€[before|after]€|Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àcreate€€order€[forward|backward|position][;[...]]Ð !A#!A# Ðà0 ! àà0y !A#!A#àà0Ñ y A#y A#à[after|before]€[|€€€€€€Ð Ñ A#Ñ A# ÐÌÌÌò ò7.2€Tailoring€Mechanismó óÐ B’ ÐÌà0 ! àEssentially,€this€section€describes€how€the€previous€new€statements€are€handled€to€formÏan€updated€table.€The€tailoring€described€in€this€standard€consists€only€of€a€table€updatingÏmechanism€(which€results€in€a€new€table€replacing€the€default).Ð !A#!A# ÐÌà0 ! àNote€and€questions€from€editor:€input€is€expected€here€from€Keld€specification€standardÏ(see€also€current€annex€H€which€describes€standard€syntax€used€in€5.4€below.€Should€weÏseparate:€5.4€which€is€the€vanilla€flavour€of€POSIX€plus€the€script€header€addition€and€5.5Ïspecialized€in€tailoring€aspects€(while€pointing€at€informative€annexes€[like€current€annexÏH]€for€explanations€included€in€other€standards)?Ð !A#!A# ÐÌÐ  B’ Ðò òNormative€annexesó óÐ ° ÐÌòòNote:€In€this€draft,€annexes€identified€with€a€digit€are€intended€to€be€normative.€Annexes€identifiedÐ ŒÜ Ðwith€a€letter€are€intended€to€be€informative.ÌóóÌò òAnnex€1€(normative)€International€Default€TableÐ J š Ðó óÌÔ€ÂÂXXêŒÔÔ€Â~ ÂÂÂÔÒðÉÒÒh—ÒLC_COLLATEÐ & v ÐÌ#€Dclaration€des€symboles€internes€/€Declaration€of€internal€symbolsÌ#Ì#€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€SYMB€€€Nð$ð€Expl.Ð V  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à;;;IGNOREÐ ` Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ È Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ €Ð Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ 8ˆ Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ ð@ Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ ¨ø Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ `° Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ h Ðà É à;;;IGNOREÐ Ð  ÐÌUNDEFINED€€€€€€€IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNOREÌ#Ìorder_endÌ#ÌEND€LC_COLLATEÌ_________________________________________ÌMissing€characters€in€this€working€draft:ÌÌDiscontinuits€actuelles€/€Present€discontinuities€Ì€Ìrange€U0114-U0115€Ìrange€U012C-U012D€Ìrange€U014E-U014F€Ìrange€U017F-U0305€Ìrange€U0308-U0309€ÌU030B€€Ìrange€U030D-U0327€Ìrange€U0329-U0331€Ìrange€U0333-U0337€Ìrange€U0339-U2017€€€€(except.€06xx€)Ìrange€U201A-U201B€Ìrange€U201E-U206F€Ìrange€U2071-U2073€Ìrange€U207A-U207C€Ìrange€U207F-U20D0€Ìrange€U20D2-U2121€Ð 8,ˆ'7 Ðrange€U2123-U2125€Ìrange€U2127-U215A€Ìrange€U215F-U218F€Ìrange€U2194-U220D€Ìrange€U220F-U225F€Ìrange€U2261-U2263€Ìrange€U2266-U24FF€Ìrange€U2503-U250B€Ìrange€U250D-U250F€Ìrange€U2511-U2513€Ìrange€U2515-U2517€Ìrange€U2519-U251B€Ìrange€U251D-U2523€Ìrange€U2525-U252B€Ìrange€U252D-U2533€Ìrange€U2535-U253B€Ìrange€U253D-U2570€Ìrange€U2573-U25E1€Ìrange€U25E4-U2569€Ìrange€U256B-UFFFF€€€€(except.€Fxxx€)€ÌÌ*end€of€the€default€table*Ð  È ÐÔ€X5…XÂÂ~ ÔÔ€XêŒXXX5…ÔÌò òAnnex€2€(normative)€Benchmarkó óÐ šê ÐÌ1à0 É àList€with€required€result€of€the€defaultÐvÆÉp&Ép& ÐÌ2à0 É àList€with€required€result€after€example€of€tailoringÐJ šÉp&Ép& ÐÐ  4 „ ÐÌò òInformative€annexesó óÐ šê ÐÌòòNote:€In€this€draft,€annexes€identified€with€a€digit€are€intended€to€be€normative.€Annexes€identified€with€a€letter€areÐ vÆ Ðintended€to€be€informative.ÌóóÌò òAnnex€A€(informative)€„à0 y à€Criteria€used€initially€to€prepare€the€standard€Ð4 „y p&y p& ÐÌNote:à0 É àthese€criteria€have€been€subject€to€change.€They€represented€an€optimum.€Compromises€had€to€beÐ  h Ðdone€according€to€diverse€circumstances€later€on.ó óÐ Z Ép&Ép& ÐÌ1.€The€mechanism€must€provide€a€deterministic€way€to€collate€graphic€character€strings.€Thus,€if€two€strings€of€graphicÏcharacters€are€different€when€directly€compared€in€binary,€the€order€assigned€by€the€mechanism€should€be€always€theÏsame€and€the€strings€will€be€considered€different€even€if€they€are€externally€considered€equivalent€by€humans.ÌÌ2.€For€each€script,€if€this€is€possible,€the€order€assigned€will€be€culturally€acceptable€to€a€majority€of€users€of€that€script.ÌÌ3.€The€repertoire€of€characters€supported€should€be€at€least€the€one€defined€by€Level€three€implementation€(the€richestÏpossible)€of€ISO/IEC€10646.ÌÌ4.€The€ordering€table€will€be€defined€keeping€in€mind€the€following€points€concerning€internal€string€transformationÏnumber€assignments:ÌÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àthe€assignments€are€processed€as€efficiently€as€possible€if€they€are€stored€in€a€permanent€way,€andÐÞ.!p&!p& ÐÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àthe€assignments€allow€direct€and€correct€one„pass€binary€comparisons€between€two€resultant€numberÐ ² Ðsequences.Ð !p&!p& ÐÌThe€table€is€defined€this€way€because€it€is€always€possible€to€define€an€order€between€two€strings€by€whatever€complexÏmethod€is€used.€However,€real€systems€must€have€a€minimum€level€of€performance.€Once€assignment€is€made€onÏoriginal€strings,€the€result€must€be€storable€without€modification.€Also,€the€result€must€be€directly€reusable€forÏcomparison€purposes,€without€having€to€redo€the€conversion€process€each€time.€This€will€also€enable€existing€systemsÏto€make€comparisons€with€minimum€changes€and€sometimes€without€having€to€change€programs.ÌÌ5.€There€must€be€a€mechanism€to€use€the€table€as€a€template,€primarily€to€optimise€the€process€for€the€user's€language.ÏIn€the€template,€the€order€of€a€series€of€characters€may€be€modified€by€simple€a€posteriori€declaration,€without€havingÏto€specify€the€whole€table€again.ÌÌ6.€Given€the€reusable€comparison€keys€obtained€(see€4),€it€must€be€possible€to€reconstitute€the€original€as€is€without€theÏneed€to€preserve€it.€This€means€that€the€reversibility€of€the€process€must€be€available€to€applications€if€required.ÌÌAs€valuable€information,€this€list€of€requirements€can€already€be€satisfied€by€Canadian€Standard€CAN/CSA€Z243.4.1Ïfor€West€European€languages,€except€that€this€standard€is€monoscript€and€does€not€support€composite€sequences€asÏdefined€in€ISO/IEC€10646.€However,€preliminary€studies€suggest€that€it€is€possible€to€extend€the€Canadian€method€toÐ &,v'+ Ðtake€into€account€both€the€multi„script€requirement€and€the€presence€of€composite€sequences.ÌÌISO/IEC€9945„2€(POSIX„2)€allows€the€Canadian€standard€CAN/CSA€Z243.4.1„1992€to€be€described.€However,€it€couldÏrequire€modifications€of€the€model€to€handle€both€the€multi„script€requirements€and€the€need€for€composite€sequencesÏif€an€infinite€repertoire€is€necessary€for€a€given€environment.ÌÌThe€application€of€this€standard€will€not€require€full€POSIX„2€conformance,€but€will€be€as€compatible€as€possible€withÏthe€POSIX€LOCALE€LC_COLLATE€specification€model.€Otherwise,€this€standard€will€build€on€this€specification€modelÏin€attempting€to€make€as€few€modifications€as€possible€(particularly€structural€modifications).ÌÐ  ê :  Ðò òAnnex€B€(informative)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌò òDescription€of€the€prehandling€phaseó óÐ vÆ ÐÌPrehandling€is€essentially€for€modification€and/or€duplication€of€original€records€to€render€their€fields€context„¼independent€prior€to€the€comparison€phase.€Examples€are:ÌÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àduplicating€a€string€such€as€"41"€for€phonetic€ordering€into€3€strings€for€trilingual€phonetic€orderingÐ  ` Ðusage€(French,€English€and€German"):Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àQUARANTE„ET„UNÐ y p&y p& Ðà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àFORTY„ONEÐ y p&y p& Ðà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àEINUNDVIERZIGÐ y p&y p& ÐÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àremoving€or€rotating€characters€that€are€a€nuisance€for€special€requirements€of€ordering;€forÐ vÆ  Ðexample,€in€France,€removing€"de"€in€"de€Gaulle"€and€not€removing€"De"€in€"De€Gaulle"€accordingÏto€nobiliar€origin€or€not,€to€give:Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àGaulle€(de)Ð y p&y p& Ðà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àDe€GaulleÐ y p&y p& ÐÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àtransform€incomplete€data€into€full€form;€for€example,€transform€"Mc€Arthur"€to€give€"Mac€Arthur"ÐÜ,!p&!p& ÐÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àtransform€numbers€so€that€the€result€will€be€ordered€in€numerical€order€and€not€positionally€orÐ ° Ðaccording€to€phonetics,€for€example:Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àà ! àà0y Ép&Ép&àGiven€the€strings€"100"€and€"15",Ð y p&y p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&à„à0Ñ y p&y p&àeither€separate€each€of€these€numbers€in€different€fields€from€the€rest€of€text€andÐ B’ Ðconvert€them€entirely€in€standard€numeric€(binary)€data€to€be€ordered€numerically€andÏnot€textually,€orÐ Ñ p&Ñ p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&à„à0Ñ y p&y p&àpad/align€numbers€to€make€sure€the€one„phase€default€ordering€mechanism€willÐ ê":! Ðprocess€them€correctly:Ð Ñ p&Ñ p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àà Ñ à"015"Ð y p&y p& Ðà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àà0Ñ y p&y p&à"100"Ð Ñ p&Ñ p& ÐÌÌÌÌÌà0 É à„à0!Ép&Ép&àtransform€Roman€numerals€into€Arabic€numbers€after€having€determined€the€context€(perhaps€withÐ ,^'+ Ðthe€help€of€human€interactive€intervention€or€an€expert€system),€as€in€the€following€French€example:Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àà0y !p&!p&àCHAPITRE€DIX€might€mean€CHAPTER€010€or€CHAPTER€509€("dix"€is€the€French€wordÏfor€10,€it€is€also€the€Roman€numeral€for€509).€This€generally€requires€context€to€be€solvedÏwith€total€certainty.Ð y p&y p& ÐÌÌò òDescription€of€the€Posthandling€Phaseó óÐ  f ÐÌPost„processing€is€essentially€for€modifying€resulting€keys,€or€appending€the€original€string€to€keys€so€that€the€resultsÏof€comparisons€can€determine€differences€in€the€case€of€homography€when€the€prehandling€phase,€particularly,€has€beenÏdone.€For€example,€there€could€be€equivalencies€if€numerical€values€(for€example,€"010"€and€"10")€have€beenÏstandaredized€in€the€prehandling€phase.€The€default€ordering€mechanism€has€no€knowledge€that€the€original€strings€areÏdifferent€in€such€cases,€but€the€predictability€requirement€still€exists.ÌÌIn€particular,€where€different€coding€methods€have€been€used€in€the€original€strings€to€be€ordered€in€the€same€process,Ïthe€posthandling€phase€can€determine€internal€differences€which€would€appear€exactly€the€same€on€paper€for€end„usersÏ(for€example,€an€ISO€2022€input€stream€intermixing€ISO/IEC€6937€and€€ISO/IEC€8859).ÌÌThe€Default„Tailorable€Ordering€Mechanism€does€not€cover€the€prehandling€and€posthandling€phases.€However,€theÏmechanism€does€describe€these€phases.€The€presence€of€the€phases€is€mandatory€even€if€empty€processes€must€beÏdefined.€These€empty€processes€can€be€replaced€if€the€need€occurs.ÌÐ  Ô$ Ðò òAnnex€C€€Sources€for€methods€and€data€gatheringó óÐ ° ÐÌÌà0 É àCAN/CSA€Z243.4.1€Canadian€ordering€standardÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àCAN/CSA€Z243.230€Canadian€minimum€software€localization€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€parameters€Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àIBM€NLTC€Volume€2€reference€manualÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àIBM€Egypt€and€Egypt€StandardsÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àStefan€Fuchs€and€Israel€StandardsÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àCEN€TC304€Multilingual€sorting€standard€projectÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àLOCALES€provisionally€registered€in€x/Open€or€in€SC22/WG15€(DKUUG.DK€Internet€site)Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àRgles€du€classement€alphabtique€en€langue€fran aise€et€procdure€informatise€pour€le€tri,€Alain€LaBont,ÏMinistre€des€Communications€du€Qubec,€1988€„„€ISBN€2„550„19046„7Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àTechnique€de€rduction€„€Tris€informatiques€€quatre€cls,€Alain€LaBont,€Ministre€des€CommunicationsÏdu€Qubec,€1989€„„€ISBN€2„550„19965„0Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àFonctions€de€systmes€„€Soutien€des€langues€nationales,€Alain€LaBont,€Ministre€des€Communications€duÏQubec,€1988Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌà0 É àNational€Language€Architecture€„€Klaus€daube,€SHARE€EUROPE€White€Paper,€1990Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÐ  f¶ Ðò òAnnex€D€€(informative)€Preliminary€principles€of€table€assignmentsó óÐ ° ÐÌThe€principles€of€numeric€table€assignments€are€the€following:ÌÌà0 É àa)à0!Ép&Ép&àAll€characters€are€assigned€a€value€corresponding€to€the€identification€of€the€script.€Each€scriptÐ `° Ðheader€is€given€a€name€mainly€for€the€purposes€of€tailoring.€However,€conceptually,€a€numberÏcorresponding€to€the€identification€of€the€script€can€be€assigned€to€this€name,€which€then€serves€asÏa€variable.€This€script€identification€data€is€informative€only€and€does€not€serve€in€the€comparisonÏprocess.€However,€the€identification€data€may€be€necessary€for€determining€the€scanning€directionÏof€diacritics€for€that€script.€This€data€must€sometimes€be€retained€alongside€with€the€ordering€stringsÏto€meet€the€reversibility€requirements€above€(capacity€to€reconstitute€the€original€strings€given€theÏdifferent€subkeys€that€are€a€result€of€the€multilevel€transformation).Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àb)à0!Ép&Ép&àEach€letter€is€assigned€a€basic€normalised€letter€value€(or€a€pair€or€a€triad€for€ligatures).€TheÐ šê  Ðassignment€is€made€as€first€level€(ideographic€characters€are€assigned€their€standardised€CJK€order,Ïcorresponding€to€the€order€they€have€in€ISO/IEC€10646).€The€assignment€is€in€the€order€of€theÏalphabet€to€which€they€belong€„€for€example,€LATIN€CAPITAL€LETTER€E€WITH€CIRCUMFLEXÏACCENT€is€assigned€a€numerical€value€corresponding€to€the€same€value€attributed€to€LATINÏSMALL€LETTER€E.€Such€a€definition€is€valid€for€most€Latin„script„based€languages.€VietnameseÏwould€require€a€different€definition,€E€CIRCUMFLEX€being€a€base€letter€in€this€language.Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àc)à0!Ép&Ép&àEach€letter€is€assigned€an€n„plet€of€values€(or€2€n„plets€or€3€n„plets€for€ligatures)€as€2nd€level,€whichÐ ê: Ðcorresponds€to€the€maximum€realistic€number€of€combining€characters€encountered€in€all€worldÏscripts€for€a€given€basic€letter€to€which€it€applies.€When€there€is€only€one€diacritic,€the€second€andÏthird€elements€of€the€triplet€are€place€holders.€When€there€is€no€diacritic,€three€place€holders€areÏprovided€in€each€triplet,€and€so€on.€For€each€diacritic€of€a€triplet,€a€flag€is€put€in€the€next„to„lastÏlevel€to€indicate€an€integrated€diacritic€(as€opposed€to€a€combining€character).€Note€that€for€level€1Ïconformance€to€ISO€10646€(or€if€composite€sequences€are€all€predefined€by€"collating„€symbol"Ïstatements),€the€n„plet€of€values€for€each€character€can€be€made€equal€to€a€single€token€because€noÏanalysis€of€combining€diacritics€will€ever€be€necessary€(and€the€next„to„last€level,€reserved€for€futureÏuse,€will€be€empty).Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àà0!Ép&Ép&àIdeographs€are€assigned€no€value€for€this€level€according€to€ISO/IEC€10646€level€1€of€conformance.ÏThis€is€because€ideographs€will€be€compared€against€completely€different€values€simultaneously€atÏthe€first€level,€and€thus€there€will€be€no€collision€in€comparison€operations€at€this€level.€(IdeographsÏare€not€assigned€equivalencies€at€the€first€level).€Levels€2€or€3€of€conformance€could€be€processedÏwith€the€same€model€as€the€one€for€letters,€for€theoretical€combinations.Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àd)à0!Ép&Ép&àEach€letter€is€assigned€a€value€(or€a€pair€or€a€triad€for€ligatures)€as€3rd€level,€corresponding€to€theÐ t'Ä"& Ðform€of€the€letter€(for€example,€upper€or€lower€case€for€Latin,€or€free„standing,€initial,€medial,€orÏending€form€for€Arabic).€Ideographs€are€assigned€no€value€for€this€level.Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àe)à0!Ép&Ép&àThis€paragraph€was€removed€from€the€previous€version.Ð+l&*!p&!p& ÐÐ ,V'+ Ðà0 É àf)à0!Ép&Ép&àEach€special€character€(a€character€not€specifically€belonging€to€a€specific€script,€such€asÐ ° ÐCOPYRIGHT€SIGN,€or€COMMA)€is€assigned€a€value€as€4th€level€value.€This€is€a€world„wideÏcommon€numerical€value€that€is€preceded€with€the€position€it€occupies€in€the€original€string€to€beÏprocessed.€Currently,€no€other€level€value€is€assigned€in€the€default€table.Ð !p&!p& ÐÌà0 É àg)à0!Ép&Ép&àthis€paragraph€was€removed€from€the€previous€draft.ÐB ’!p&!p& ÐÌGiven€such€table€assignments,€a€table€of€scanning€directions€will€be€provided€for€each€script€and€for€each€of€the€levels.ÏNote€that€scanning€direction€is€not€linked€to€the€natural€script€direction,€since€the€characters€are€already€linearly€codedÏaccording€to€their€script€direction€(logical€direction).€This€is€linked€to€the€direction€in€which€each€level€is€processed€forÏordering.€For€example,€in€French,€diacritical€marks€are€scanned€backward€in€case€of€first€level€homography:€accentsÏare€not€considered€for€ordering€in€French€except€for€specifying€the€order€of€quasi„homographs.€In€this€case,€the€lastÏdifference€in€the€words€determines€the€order,€thus€explaining€the€retrograde€scanning€(an€example€of€an€ordered€€listÏis:€"cote",€"cð=ðte",€"cot",€"cð=ðt").€When€string€direction€is€retrograde€for€a€character€in€a€given€level,€the€value€assignedÏto€this€level€is€placed€in€front€of€the€resulting€key€instead€of€at€the€end€for€this€level.ÌÌGiven€that€each€subkey€is€established€at€all€levels,€and€provided€that€a€low„value€delimiter€is€placed€between€each€subkeyÏ,€all€subkeys€can€be€concatenated€at€once€and€used€for€subsequent€comparisons.€(If€values€are€carefully€chosen€for€table„¼building,€no€low„value€delimiter€is€necessary).€Given€that€all€the€information€is€present,€the€original€string€provided€canÏbe€reconstituted€from€the€subkeys.ÌÌReduction€techniques€exist€to€minimise€the€amount€of€storage€requirements€for€that€method€without€affecting€theÏcomparison€process€if€keys€are€to€be€preserved€for€maximum€performance€reasons.€(see€References).ÌÐ  ¶ Ðò òAnnex€D€(informative)€„€Principles€of€the€comparison€engineÐ ° Ðó óÌThe€basic€philosophy€behind€the€culturally„correct€character€string€comparison€engine€is€the€following:ÌÌ1.à0 É àNo€comparison€mechanism€is€culturally€correct€when€it€assumes€that€the€order€is€based€on€numerical€internalÐ `° Ðvalues€of€raw€character€strings,€and€with€any€standard€character€set€coding€scheme.Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ2.à0 É àIf€two€strings€are€different,€there€must€be€a€fully€predictable€order€assigned€to€each€one€relative€to€each€otherÐ  n Ðone.Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ3.à0 É àOrdering€rules€are€language„related€in€a€given€script.ÐÜ , Ép&Ép& ÐÌ4.à0 É àWhatever€the€language,€the€ordering€rules€are€based€on€lexical€order€at€the€lowest€level.€Higher€levelÐ °  Ðclassification€(done€in€a€prehandling€phase)€produces€character€strings€whose€ordering€is€to€be€made€as€forÏany€other€lexical€entry.Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ5.à0 É àEach€rule€tentatively€determines€an€order€between€two€different€character€strings€by€operating€a€singleÐ X¨ Ðbinary€comparison€on€binary€strings€that€represent€the€result€of€a€straightforward€and€context„independentÏtransformation€of€the€characters€of€each€string.€(Transformations€typically€involve€ignoring,€or€giving€aÏspecific€or€generic€weight€to€each€character,€or€retaining€the€position€of€a€character€as€a€weight€whileÏassigning€it€a€second€weight€depending€on€the€character€itself.€Such€transformations€may€be€done€byÏscanning€the€string€forward€or€backward€in€the€logical€string€sequence,€except€for€the€positional€case€whichÏonly€implies€the€logical€positions€of€a€string).Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ6.à0 É àTransformations€can€typically€produce€equivalencies€for€two€different€character€strings€transformed€into€twoÐ ¨ø Ðidentical€binary€strings.€Thus,€when€such€cases€are€encountered,€other€sequential€series€of€transformationÏare€necessary€until,€at€a€final€level,€all€ties€are€solved€(at€the€last€level,€binary€strings€are€necessarilyÏdifferent€if€two€original€character€strings€to€be€compared€are€different).€If€the€only€goal€of€a€comparison€isÏto€determine€equivalence€up€to€a€certain€level€of€precision,€then€character€transformation€is€required€up€toÏa€certain€level€only.Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ7.à0 É àThe€default€table€will€define€as€many€levels€as€necessary€to€produce€a€fully€predictable€order€for€twoÐ !^ Ðdifferent€character€strings.€This€involves€up€to€five€comparison€levels€if€characters€of€ISO/IEC€10646€levelÏ1€are€used,€and€up€to€six€comparison€levels€if€characters€of€ISO/IEC€10646€level€3€are€used.€An€extra€levelÏ(used€for€data€management€and€not€of€particular€significance€for€comparisons)€is€also€defined€(see€9€below).Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ8.à0 É àA€whole€character€string€is€transformed€as€many€times€as€necessary€into€up€to€six€different€levels.€Thus,Ð  %ð $ Ðit€must€be€possible€to€deduce€the€original€character€string€from€all€the€different€binary€transformationsÏconcatenated€into€one€binary€string€(reversibility€property€of€the€transformation€process).Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÌ9.à0 É àDifferent€scripts€may€have€different€properties€as€to€the€way€each€level€is€processed.€Thus,€to€ensure€theÐ H)˜$( Ðoperation€will€be€reversed,€an€extra€level€transformation€table€is€necessary€to€identify€the€script€to€whichÏeach€character€belongs.Ð Ép&Ép& ÐÐ ,V'+ Ðò òAnnex€E.à0 É àRevised€(if€necessary)€SC22/WG20€N€174€-€From€a€requirement€to€its€implementation€-€Compare,€Sort,Ð ° ÐSearchÐ Ép&Ép& Ðó óÌà0 É àRemoved€from€the€previous€versionÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌò òAnnex€F.à0 É àDiscussion€on€the€number€of€levels€for€each€script€and€their€harmonizationÐR ¢Ép&Ép& Ðó óÌà0 É àText€will€be€added€if€necessaryÐ Ép&Ép& ÐÌò òAnnex€G.à0 É àExample€of€national€classification€standards€and€how€they€can€be€harmonized€to€the€internationalÐ  R  ÐstandardÐ Ép&Ép& Ðó óÌà0 É àAFNOR€Z.44„001Ð Ép&Ép& Ðà0 É àANSI/NISO€Z39.75„199X€(project€at€time€of€editing€WD3)€Ð Ép&Ép& Ðà0 É àDIN€5007Ð ¤ô Ép&Ép& Ðò òAnnex€H.€Standard€LOCALE€parameters€definitions€„€unextendedó óÐ ° ÐÌÌText€obtained€from:€ISO/IEC€9945-2ÌÌLocale:Ì------ÌÌA€locale€is€the€definition€of€the€subset€of€a€user's€environmentÌthat€depends€on€language€and€cultural€conventions.€€It€is€made€upÌfrom€one€or€more€categories.€€Each€category€is€identified€by€its€nameÌand€controls€specific€aspects€of€the€behavior€of€components€of€theÌsystem.€€Category€names€correspond€to€the€following€environmentÌvariable€names:ÌÌ€€LC_CTYPE€€€€€€Character€classification€and€case€conversion.ÌÌ€€LC_COLLATE€€€€Collation€order.ÌÌ€€LC_TIME€€€€€€€Date€and€time€formats.ÌÌ€€LC_NUMERIC€€€€Numeric,€nonmonetary€formatting.ÌÌ€€LC_MONETARY€€€Monetary€formatting.ÌÌ€€LC_MESSAGES€€€Formats€of€informative€and€diagnostic€messages€andÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€interactive€responses.ÌÌÌCategory€Specifications:Ì------------------------ÌÌLC_CTYPEÌ--------ÌÌThe€LC_CTYPE€category€shall€define€character€classification,€caseÌconversion,€and€other€character€attributes.€€In€addition,€a€seriesÌof€characters€can€be€represented€by€three€adjacent€periods€representingÌan€ellipsis€symbol€("...").€€The€ellipsis€specification€shall€beÌinterpreted€as€meaning€that€all€values€between€the€values€precedingÌand€following€it€represent€valid€characters.€€The€following€keywordsÌshall€be€recognized:ÌÌ€€copy€€€€€€Specify€the€name€of€an€existing€locale€to€be€usedÐ ,V'+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€for€the€definition€of€the€category.€€If€this€keyword€isÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€specified,€no€other€keyword€shall€be€specified.ÌÌ€€upper€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€uppercase€letters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€No€character€specified€for€the€keywords€cntrl,€digit,€punct,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€or€space€shall€be€specified.ÌÌ€€lower€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€lowercase€letters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€No€character€specified€for€the€keywords€cntrl,€digit,€punct,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€or€space€shall€be€specified.ÌÌ€€alpha€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€letters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€No€character€specified€for€the€keywords€cntrl,€digit,€punct,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€or€space€shall€be€specified.€€Characters€classified€asÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€either€upper€or€lower€are€automatically€included€in€thisÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€class.ÌÌ€€digit€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€numeric€digits.€€OnlyÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€the€digits€0,€1,€2,€3,€4,€5,€6,€7,€8,€and€9€shall€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€specified,€and€in€contiguous€ascending€sequence€byÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€numerical€value.ÌÌ€€space€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€white-spaceÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€characters.€€No€character€specified€for€the€keywords€upper,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€lower,€alpha,€digit,€graph,€or€xdigit€shall€be€specified.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€The€characters€,€,€,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€,€,€and€,€and€anyÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€characters€included€in€the€class€blank,€are€automaticallyÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€included€in€this€class.ÌÌ€€cntrl€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€control€characters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€No€character€specified€for€the€keywords€upper,€lower,€alpha,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€digit,€punct,€graph,€print,€or€xdigit€shall€be€specified.ÌÌ€€punct€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€punctuationÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€characters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€No€character€specified€for€the€keywords€upper,€lower,€alpha,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€digit,€cntrl,€xdigit,€or€as€the€€characterÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€shall€be€specified.ÌÌ€€graph€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€printable€characters,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€not€including€the€€character.€€CharactersÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€specified€for€the€keywords€upper,€lower,€alpha,€digit,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€xdigit,€and€punct€are€automatically€included€in€this€class.Ð þ+N'+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€No€character€specified€for€the€keyword€cntrl€shall€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€specified.ÌÌ€€print€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€printable€characters,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€including€the€€character.€€Characters€specifiedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€for€the€keywords€upper,€lower,€alpha,€digit,€xdigit,€punct,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€and€the€€character€are€automatically€include€in€thisÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€class.€€No€character€specified€for€the€keyword€cntrl€shallÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€be€specified.ÌÌ€€xdigit€€€€Define€the€characters€to€be€classified€as€hexadecimalÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€digits.€€Only€the€characters€defined€for€the€class€digitÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€shall€be€specified,€in€contiguous€ascending€sequence€byÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€numerical€value,€followed€by€one€ore€more€sets€of€sixÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€characters€representing€the€hexadecimal€digits€10€throughÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€15,€with€each€set€in€ascending€order.ÌÌ€€blank€€€€€Define€characters€to€be€classified€as€€characters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€The€characters€€and€€are€automatically€includedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€in€this€class.ÌÌ€€toupper€€€Define€the€mapping€of€lowercase€letters€to€uppercase€letters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€The€operand€shall€consist€of€character€pairs,€separated€byÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€semicolons.€€The€characters€in€each€character€pair€shall€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€separated€by€a€comma€and€the€pair€enclosed€by€parentheses.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€The€first€character€in€each€pair€shall€be€the€lowercaseÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€letter,€the€second€the€corresponding€uppercase€letter.€€OnlyÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€characters€specified€for€the€keywords€lower€and€upper€shallÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€be€specified.ÌÌ€€tolower€€€Define€the€mapping€of€uppercase€letters€to€lowercase€letters.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€The€operand€shall€consist€of€character€pairs,€separated€byÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€semicolons.€€The€characters€in€each€character€pair€shall€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€separated€by€a€comma€and€the€pair€enclosed€by€parentheses.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€The€first€character€in€each€pair€shall€be€the€uppercaseÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€letter,€the€second€the€corresponding€lowercase€letter.€€OnlyÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€characters€specified€for€the€keywords€lower€and€upper€shallÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€be€specified.€€If€the€tolower€keyword€is€omitted€from€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€locale€definition,€the€mapping€shall€be€the€reverseÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€mapping€of€the€one€specified€for€toupper.ÌÌÌÌÐ þ+N'+ ÐLC_COLLATEÌ----------ÌÌA€collation€sequence€definition€shall€define€the€relative€orderÌbetween€collating€elements€(characters€and€multicharacter€collatingÌelements)€in€the€locale.€€This€order€is€expressed€in€terms€of€collationÌvalues;€i.e.,€by€assigning€each€element€on€or€more€collation€valuesÌ(also€known€as€collation€weights).€€This€does€not€imply€thatÌimplementations€shall€assign€such€values,€but€that€ordering€ofÌstrings€using€the€resultant€collation€definition€in€the€locale€shallÌbehave€as€if€such€assignment€is€done€and€used€in€the€collation€process.ÌThe€collation€sequence€definition€shall€be€used€by€regular€expressions,Ìpattern€matching,€and€sorting.€€The€following€capabilities€areÌprovided:ÌÌ€(1)€Multicharacter€collating€elements.€€Specification€of€multicharacterÌ€€€€€collating€elements€(e.e.,€sequences€of€two€or€more€characters€toÌ€€€€€be€collated€an€an€entity).ÌÌ€(2)€User-defined€ordering€of€collating€elements.€€Each€collatingÌ€€€€€element€shall€be€assigned€a€collation€value€defining€its€order€in€theÌ€€€€€character€(or€basic)€collating€sequence.€€This€ordering€in€used€byÌ€€€€€regular€expressions€and€pattern€matching€and,€unless€collationÌ€€€€€weights€are€explicitly€specified,€also€as€the€collation€weight€toÌ€€€€€be€used€in€sorting.ÌÌ€(3)€Multiple€weights€and€equivalence€classes.€€Collating€elements€canÌ€€€€€be€assigned€one€or€more€(up€to€the€limit€{COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX})Ì€€€€€collating€weights€for€use€in€sorting.€€The€first€weight€isÌ€€€€€hereafter€referred€to€as€the€primary€weight.ÌÌ€(4)€One-to-Many€mapping.€€A€single€character€is€mapped€into€a€stringÌ€€€€€of€collating€elements.ÌÌ€(5)€Equivalence€class€definition.€€Two€or€more€collating€elements€haveÌ€€€€€the€same€collation€value€(primary€weight).ÌÌ€(6)€Order€by€weights.€€When€two€string€are€compared€to€determineÌ€€€€€their€relative€order,€the€two€strings€are€first€broken€up€into€aÌ€€€€€series€of€collating€elements,€and€each€successive€pair€of€elementsÌ€€€€€are€compared€according€to€the€relative€primary€weights€for€theÌ€€€€€elements.€If€equal,€and€more€than€one€weight€has€been€assigned,Ì€€€€€then€the€pairs€of€collating€elements€are€recompared€according€toÌ€€€€€the€relative€subsequent€weights,€until€either€a€pair€of€collatingÐ þ+N'+ Ѐ€€€€elements€compare€unequal€or€the€weights€are€exhausted.ÌÌThe€following€keywords€shall€be€recognized€in€a€collation€sequenceÌdefinition.€€They€are€described€in€detail€in€the€followingÌsubclauses.ÌÌ€€copy€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Specify€the€name€of€an€existing€locale€to€be€usedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€for€the€definition€of€the€category.€€If€this€keywordÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€is€specified,€no€other€keyword€shall€be€specified.ÌÌ€€collating-element€Define€a€collating-element€symbol€representingÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€a€multicharacter€collating€element.€€This€keywordÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€is€optional.ÌÌ€€collating-symbol€€Define€a€collating€symbol€for€use€in€collation€orderÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€statements.€€This€keyword€is€optional.ÌÌ€€order_start€€€€€€€Define€collation€rules.€€This€statement€is€followedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€by€one€or€more€collation€order€statements,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€assigning€character€collation€values€andÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€collation€weights€to€collating€elements.ÌÌ€€order_end€€€€€€€€€Specify€the€end€of€the€collation-order€statements.ÌÌcollating-element€KeywordÌ-------------------------ÌÌIn€addition€to€the€collating€elements€in€the€character€set,€theÌcollating-element€keyword€shall€be€used€to€define€multicharacterÌcollating€elements.ÌÌcollating-symbol€KeywordÌ------------------------ÌÌThis€keyword€shall€be€used€to€define€symbols€for€use€in€collationÌsequence€statements;€i.e.,€between€the€order_start€and€theÌorder_end€keywords.ÌÌThe€collating-symbol€keyword€defines€a€symbolic€name€that€can€beÌassociated€with€a€relative€position€in€the€character€order€sequence.ÌWhile€such€a€symbolic€name€does€not€represent€any€collating€element,€itÌcan€be€used€as€a€weight.ÌÌÐ þ+N'+ Ðorder_start€KeywordÌ-------------------ÌÌThe€order_start€keyword€shall€precede€collation€order€entries.€€ItÌdefines€the€number€of€weights€for€this€collation€sequence€definitionÌand€other€collation€rules.ÌÌThe€operands€to€the€order_start€keyword€are€optional.€€If€present,€theÌoperands€define€rules€to€be€applied€when€strings€are€compared.€€TheÌnumber€of€operands€define€how€many€weights€each€element€is€assigned;Ìif€no€operands€are€present,€one€forward€operand€is€assumed.€€If€present,Ìthe€first€operand€defines€rules€to€be€applied€when€comparing€stringsÌusing€the€first€(primary)€weight;€the€second€when€comparing€stringsÌusing€the€second€weight,€and€so€on.€€Operands€shall€be€separated€byÌsemicolons€(;).€€Each€operand€shall€consist€of€one€or€more€collationÌdirectives,€separated€by€commas€(,).€€If€the€number€of€operandsÌexceeds€the€€{COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX}€limit,€the€utility€shall€issue€aÌwarning€message.€€The€following€directives€shall€be€supported:ÌÌ€€forward€€€€Specifies€that€comparison€operations€for€the€weight€levelÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€shall€precede€from€start€of€string€towards€the€end€of€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€string.ÌÌ€€backward€€€Specifies€that€comparison€operations€for€the€weight€levelÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€shall€precede€from€end€of€string€towards€the€beginning€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€string.ÌÌ€€position€€€Specifies€that€comparison€operations€for€the€weightÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€level€will€consider€the€relative€position€of€non-IGNOREdÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€elements€in€the€strings.€€The€string€containing€aÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€non-IGNOREd€element€after€the€fewest€IGNOREd€collatingÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€elements€from€the€start€of€the€compare€shall€collate€first.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€If€both€strings€contain€a€non-IGNOREd€character€in€the€sameÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€relative€position,€the€collating€values€assigned€to€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€elements€shall€determine€the€ordering.€€In€case€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€equality,€subsequent€non-IGNOREd€characters€shall€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€considered€in€the€same€manner.ÌÌThe€directives€forward€and€backward€are€mutually€exclusive.ÌÌÌÌÌÐ þ+N'+ ЇOther€sections'€descriptions€are€irrelevant€for€this€standard.€Titles€of€other€sections€are€given€here€as€an€indication.ÌÌLC_TIMEÌ-------ÌÌLC_NUMERICÌ----------ÌÌLC_MONETARYÌ-----------ÌÌLC_MESSAGESÌ-----------ÌÐ  ’â  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